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The WORLD'S WORK
Volume XXXVII
NOVEMBER, 1918 to APRIL, 1919
A HISTORY OF OUR TIME
GARDEN CITY NEW YORK
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & COMPANY
1919
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9.
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Copyright 1918—1919, by Doubleday, Page & Company
INDEX
(♦Illustrated Articles. Editorials in Italics)
PAGE
/jCRES and a Mule for Veterans 13
yi *Admirals Beatty and Jellicoe (Lieut.
Francis T. Hunter) 519, 668
After Liberty Bonds, What? 258
After the Hohenzollems, What? (Samuel P.
Orth, Victor S. Clark) 340, 345
Agriculture:
*Farms for the Soldiers When They
Come Back (Elwood Mead) 61
iirplanes:
Practically No Graft in Airplane Work 136
*Allies on the Pacific 68
*Alsace-Lorraine, Why It Must Be Returned
to France (Charles Downer Hazen) 188
♦Ambassador Morgenthau's Story (Henry Morgenthau)
VII 92
VIII 221
IX 294
America Committed to the Disruption of Austria- Hungary ; 13
♦American Corps Commanders in France. ... 87 American Labor Party, Mr. Gompers Opposes
an 493
♦American Library Association's War Service
(Frank Parker Stockbridge) 83
American Navy:
Does a Great American Navy Menace
the World? 367
♦Our Navy and a League of Nations
(Frank Parker Stockbridge) 425
American Prohibition Adopts a Policy of World
Conquest 254
American Saloon, Exit the 492
♦American Soldiers in France 380
America's Part in the War (Frank Dilnot) .... 267 ♦America's Relations to the Orient's Future
(Frederick Moore) 206
♦America's War Preparations (Frank Parker
Stockbridge) 553
An Independent Poland (Ignace Jan Pader-
ewski) 173
Another American Fortune Reverts to the People 497 ♦Arizona, Indian Campaigns in (George Mac- Adam) ; 281
Armenia:
♦The Murder of the Armenian Nation
(Henry Morgenthau) 92
The United States as Mandatory for
Armenia 610
*At Home with Admiral Beatty (Francis T.
Hunter) 519
Attempts to Protect Liberty Bond Holders 616
Austria-Hungary :
America Committed to the Disruption
of Austria-Hungary 13
The Austrian Disruption (Poultney
Bigelow) 185
The End of Three Empires 131
Austrian Disruption, The (Poultney Bigelow) 185
BASIC Plan for Universal Training, A (J. B. W. Gardiner) 547
♦Battle of Cantigny, The (Arthur W. Page) ... 622
PAGE
Battle of Chateau-Thierry, "liie- (J. ^B. W.
Gardiner) ^ ... / 271
♦Beatty, Admiral (Francis T. Hunte/) 519, 668
Belgium:
Belgium's Territorial Demands 698
♦Bending Armor Plates Cold 356
Bolshevi%i Lose in Germany, The 486
Bolshevism:
Bolsheviki Lose in Germany, The .... 486 Bolshevism in England and the United
States 353
The Red Terror in Russia (Arno
Dosch-Fleurot) 566
^ The Thing Called Bolshevism 321
Bolshevism in England and the United States. . 3S3
Boy Power, The Conservation of 257
Building Good- Will for America in the Orient
(Silas Bent) C7
Bulgaria:
The Old Bulgaria and the Nciv 11
♦OANTIGNY, The Battle of (Arthur W.
VJ Page) 622
Carter Glass (Frank Parker Stockbridge) .... 505 Chateau-Thierry, The Battle of (J. B. V/.
Gardiner) 271
♦Chiefs of the War Board 144
China:
The World As It Is 206
Civic Tidiness 139
Coal:
Our Coal Supply 17
Colonization:
Land Colonization by Private Compan- ies 370
Community Houses as Permanent Soldier Mem- orials 496
♦Conditions in Germany and France 349
Congress:
A Democratic President and a Repub- lican Congress 129
Eight Years of Democratic Control in
Congress 614
Conservation of Boy Power, The 257
Constitution of the League of Nations, The .... 605 Controversy Between the Italians and the
Jugoslavs, The (Lothrop Stoddard) 581
♦Corporal York, General Pershing, and Others
(Joseph C. Chase) 636
Counsel of Optimism, A (Theodore H. Price) 665
Country Life Association, The National 495
♦Cutting Ships in Two 354
DAWN of Peace, The Insert December
Democracy the One Sure Basis (Kenneth '
Colegrove) 412
Democratic Control in Congress, Eight years of 614 Democratic President and a Republican Con- gress, A 129
Disruption of Austria-Hungary, The (Poultney
Bigelow) 185
Disruption of Austria- Hungary, America Com- mitted to the 13
INDEX — Continued
PACE
Doer, a Great American Navy Menace the World? 367 Doinjj: the World's International Work (Her- bert S. Houston) 438
ECONOMIC Aspects of a League of Na- tions (.ilerbert S. Houston) 438
£"/^i;/// Years of Democratic Control in Congress 614 End of the War and the Dawn of Peace, The
Insert December
E}id of Three Empires, The 131
England:
BohIiei'is?n in England and the United
States 368
England and the German Colonies .... 135
England's War Effort, A Tribute to 136 English Attitude, The (Lord Charn-
wood) 421
England and the German Colonies 135
English Attitude, The (Lord Charnwood) 421
Exit the American Saloon 492
*Eyes of the Artillery, The 117
ZpAIRYLAND Opened to Children, A New. 498 ^ *Farms for the Soldiers W^hen They
Come Back (Ehvood Mead) 61
Federal Appropriation to Fight Illiteracy 617
Fighting Dollar, The (George Barry Mallon) 275
Fight in Texas Against Lynching, The 615
Financing the War (George Barry Mallon) . . . 275
Finis to Pan-Germania 12
First Big All- American Battle in France, The . 265 *Fitting Our Soldiers for Civil Life (Frank
Parker Stockbridge) 332
*Food to Save the World (Ralph W. Page) .... 305
Foreign Trade, Training Americans jar 254
For Universal Membership in the Red Cross .... 139 Four Governments of Mexico, The (William
Gates) I, II, III, 385, 570, 654
Four Years' Truce in Immigration, A 491
Fourth Liberty Loan, The 140
France:
The Skeptical Attitude of France
(Stephane Latizanne) 417
GENERAL PERSHING, The Lifa of (George IMacAdam)
1 45
II 161
III 231
IV 449
V 539
VI 681
Germany :
Dolsheviki Lose in Gertnany, The 486
*Conditions in Germany and France 349
German Colonies, England and the. .'. 135
German Intrigue in Switzerland .... 260
Gertnany and the Constituent Assembly 368 Germany Before and After the War
340, 345 Germany's Future Military Position
(J. B. W. Gardiner) 325
Germany's Influence on the Smaller
Nations 351
Germany's Last Remaining Weapon 14 Germany's Ruthless Oppression of
the Poles (Charles Downer Hazen) 39
Hanging the Kaiser 488
Philippines and the German Colonies, '487 See: The World As It Is (Lothrop
Stoddard) 698
Surrender of the German Fleet (Fran- cis T. Hunter) 537
Getting a Higher Return on Your Savings . . . 619 ♦Giving the Soldiers Books to Read (Frank
Parker Stockbridge) 83
Glass, Carter (Frank Parker Stockbridge) .... 505
Gompers Opposes an A rrerican Labor Party, Mr. 493
PAGE
Governor Whitman:
How Governor Whitman Was Defeated
in New York 257
Great American Statesman, A 612
ZJTANGINGthe Kaiser 488
n. Holland:
The Schelde, Dutch Limburg, and
Luxemburg 698
*How Beattv Put to Sea Like Drake of Old
(Francis T. Hunter) 663
How Governor Whitman Was Defeated in New
York 257
How the American Army Turned the Tide 252
How to Create an Efficient Officers' Reserve
Corps (J. B. W. Gardiner) 705
Hunger Map of Europe 255
/DEAL State in the Northwest, An 495
*If the War Had Lasted Until Spring
(Frank Parker Stockbridge) 553
Illiteracy:
Federal Appropriation to Fight Illiter- acy 617
The Menace of Adult Illiteracy 494
Immigration :
A Four Years' Truce in Immigration 491 Independent Poland, An (Ignace Jan Pader-
ewski) 173
Insurance Money to Stimulate Farm Production 14 Investment:
After Liberty Bonds, What? 258
Getting a Higher Return on Your
Savings 619
Investment Principles of a Business
Man, The '. 23
Liberty Bonds and Their Market
Price 499
Long Decline in Bonds — Then What?
The 143
New Day for American Investors,
The 378
Italy:
A Warning to Italy and Others 489
Peace Terms for Italy (William Ros-
coe Thayer) 180
The Treaty of London 369
JAPAN:
*Th8 Vv^orld As It Is 68
Jonas Lied and Mr. Timiriazeff, Mr 141
*Jugoslavia (George MacAdam) 154
Jy^AISER, Hanging the 488
j\- *Khaki University, The (Frank Parker Stockbridge) 332
LAND Colonization by Private Companies . . . 370 League of Nations and the Monroe Doc- trine, The (Joseph H. Latane) 441
League of Nations:
Constitution of the League of Nations . 605 Doing the World's International
Work (Herbert S. Houston) 438
English Attitude, The (Lord Charn- wood) 421
League of Nations and the Monroe
Doctrine, The (Joseph H. Latane) 441 *Our Navy and a League of Nations
(Frank Parker Stockbridge) 425
Responsibility, Reparation, and the
League of Nations 485
Skeptical Attitude of France, The (Stephane Lauzanne) 417
Letter About '' Pirates of Promotion," A 618
Liberty Bonds and Their Market Price 499
INDEX — Continued
PAGE
Liberty Loan:
After Liberty Bonds, What? 258
Save Your Liberty Bonds 140
The Fourth Liberty Loan 140
The Victory Liberty Loan 621
*Liberty Motor, The 473
Life of General Pershing, The (George Mac- Adam)
*His Boyhood, I 45
*West Point Days, II 161
*Indian Campaign in Arizona, III.. 281
*Sioux Campaign, IV 449
Experiences at the University of Ne- braska, V 539
*Spanish-American War Experi- ences, VI 681
London Treaty, The 369
Long Dechne in Bonds — Then What? The . . 143
Lynching in Texas 615
MALARIA: What It Costs to Free a Town of Ma- laria 139
*Man and His Machines. 117, 237, 353, 473, 592, 709
Mandatory for Armenia, The United States as . . 610 Mass Murders in Petrograd (Arno Dosch-
Fleurot) 566
Medicine in 1861 and 1919 255
Menace of Adult Illiteracy, The 494
Men and Issues at Washington 490
Mexico:
The Four Governments of Mexico
(WiUiam Gates) 385, 570, 654
Middle Europe, A New Kind of ^ 133
*MiHtary Importance of Alsace-Lorraine
(Charles Downer Hazen) 188
Military Training? What Kind of (J. B. W.
Gardiner) 547
Mr. Gompers Opposes an American Labor Party 493 Monroe Doctrine for the World, A (Talcott
Williams) 445
*Murder of the Armenian Nation (Henry
Morgenthau) 92
l^ATIONAL Country Life Association, The 495 1 V Nebraska :
See: Life of General Pershing 539
New Day for American Investors, The 378
New Fairyland Opened to Children, A 498
New Kind of Middle Europe, A 133
New Kind of Pork Barrel, A 616
New Spirit Toward the Railroads, The 253
New Secretary of the Treasury, The (Frank
Parker Stockbridge) 505
New York Makes Another Experiment with a
Tammany Governor 374
New York's Choice of Governor 15
North Dakota:
An Ideal State in the Northwest 495
Not Indemnities, but Damages 130
OIL Stock Flotation Game, The (Louis
Guenther) 149
Old Bulgaria and the New, The 11
Optimism, A Counsel of (Theodore H. Price) 665 Orient :
Building Good-Will for America in
the Orient (Silas Bent) 57
*The World As It Is— China 206
*The World As It Is— Japan 68
Ottoman Empire: Why It Must Be Dissolved
(Henry Morgenthau) 203
*Our Army Leaders in France 87
Our Coal Supply Is Increasing but not Fast
Enough 17
Our Notional Income Now $60,000,000 137
*Our Navy and a League of Nations (Frank
Parker Stockbridge) 425
TAr.E
Our Share in the Military Victory (J. R. W. Gardiner) 271
* PACKING That Beat the Submarines. ... 353 A Page, Walter Hines (Ellery Sedgwick) . . 375
Page, Walter Hines 372
Pan-Germania, Finis to 12
Peace Conference:
*Peace Conferences That Have Failed in the Past (Lothrop Stoddard) ... 399
President Wilson at Versailles 249
President Wilson's Accomplishments
in Europe 365
Responsibility, Reparation, and the
League of Nations 485
Who Should Have the Seat of Honor at
the Peace Table? 132
*Peace Conferences That Have Failed in the
Past (Lothrop Stoddard) 399
Peace Terms for Italy (William Roscoe
Thayer) 180
Pershing, General, Corporal York, and Others
(Joseph C. Chase) 636
See: Life of General Pershing *Personal Glimpses of Admirals Beatty and
Jellicoe (Francis T. Hunter) 668
Philippines and the German Colonies, The. . . . 437 Pirates of Promotion (Louis Guenther)
29, 149, 314, 393, 509
''Pirates of Promotion,'' A Letter About 618
''Pirates of Promotion" — in the Partial Pay- ment Plan 16
Poland:
An Independent Poland (Ignace Jan
Paderewski) 173
Prussianism in Poland (Charles
Downer Hazen) 39
Pork Barrel, A New Kind of 616
Pork Barrel Returns With Peace, The 493
Practically No Graft in Airplane Work 136
President and the Senate Should Get Together,
The 611
President Wilson at Versailles 249
President Wilson's Accomplishments in Europe 365 Prohibition:
American Prohibition Adopts a Policy
of World Conquest 254
Prosperity:
A Counsel of Optimism (Theodore H.
Price) 665
Prussianism in Poland (Charles Downer Ha- zen) 39
'DAILROADS, The New Spirit Toward the. . 253
-A. Red Cross Membership 139
Redemption of Italia Irredenta, The (William
Roscoe Thayer) 180
Red Terror in Russia, The (Arno Dosch-
Fleurot) 566
Republican Congress and a Democratic Presi- dent, A 129
Responsibility, Reparation, and the League of
Nations ; 485
Resurgent " Cannonism" at Washington 613
Rights of Schleswig-Holstein, The 134
Roosevelt, Theodore 371
Russia:
The Red Terror in Russia (Arno Dosch-Fleurot) 566
nAGE, MRS. RUSSELL 497
O *Salvaging Waste 237
Save Your Liberty Bonds 140
Schleswig-Holstein, The Rights of 134
Sedan, the Taking of 265
Skeptical Attitude of France (Stephane Lau-
zanne) 417
Socialism :
Socialists in Germany Before the
INDEX— Continued
PAGE
War. The (Samuel P. Orth) 340
Socialism in Germany To-day (Victor
S. Clarke 345
Soldiers:
♦Farms for the Soldiers When They
Come Back (Elwood Mead) 61
♦Giving the Soldiers Books to Read
(Frank Parker Stockbridge) 83
♦Khaki University, The (Frank Par- ker Stockbridge) 332
Soldiers Reading Serious Books 18
Uncle Sam, Employment Agc7it 497
What the Y. M. C. A. Means to the American Soldier (Clarence B.
Kelland) 34
Surrender of the German Fleet, The (Francis
T. Hunter) 537
Switzerland:
German Intrigue in Switzerland .... 260
rAFT, Ex-President — A Great A^merican
Statesman 612
Temporary Absence, A 9
Texas:
The Fight in Texas Against Lynching 615
Theodore Roosevelt 371
*The Truth About Our 110 Days' Fighting
(Arthur W. Page) ; 622
Thing Called Bolshevism, The 321
Tidiness, Civic 139
To Pay fcr Victor\' and Libert}^ 621
To Prevent the Balkanization of the World
(Talcott Williams) 445
To Protect Liberty Bond Holders 613
Training America jor Foreign Trade 254
Training Camp Idea, The (J. B. W. Gardiner) 705
Treaty of London, The 369
Treaty that Should Become a Scrap of Paper . . 369
Tribute to England's War Effort, A 136
Turkey:
Ambassador Morgenthau's Story . .221, 294 Why the Ottoman Empire IVIust Be
Dissolved (Henry IVIorgenthau) . . 203
TJKCLE SAM, Employme?2t Agent 497
C_/ United States As Mandatory for Armenia,
The 610
United States Upon a War Basis, The 9
Universal Membership in the Red Cross, For . . . 139
PAGE
Universal Training and Officers (J. B. W. Gardiner) 705
ATICTORY Liberty Loan, The 621
WALTER HINES PAGE (Ellery Sedg- wick) 375
Walter Mines Page 372
War Industries Board, The Work of the (Theo- dore H. Price and Richard Spillane) 19
Warning to Italy and Others, A 489
♦War's Gifts to Progress 709
Welcome Return, A 9
What It Costs to Free a Town of Malaria 139
What Kind of Military Training? (J. B. W.
Gardiner) 547
What Remains of Germanism in Central Eu- rope (Lothrop Stoddard) 351
What Taxes Rich Men Pay Here and in England 141 What the Y. M. C. A. Means to the American
Soldier (Clarence B. Kelland) 34
Who Should Have the Seat of Honor at the Peace
Table? 132
*Why Alsace-Lorraine Must Be Returned to
France (Charles Downer Hazen) 188
W^hy the Ottoman Empire Must Be Dissolved
(Henry Morgenthau) 203
Will the Republicans Show Wisdom in Reorgan- izing Congress ? 251
W^ilson-Balf our Basis of Peace, The 10
Woodrow Wilson at Versailles 249
Woodrow Wilson s Theory of the Presidential
Office 13i
Work of the War Industries Board, The (The- odore H. Price and Richard Spillane) 19
World As It Is:
*Japan 68
*China 206
Switzerland 260
Gennany 462
Italy and Jugosla\ia 581
Germany a Republic 698
YM. C. A. • What the Y. M. C. A. Means to the American Soldier (Clarence B. Kel- land) 34
ZAPATA— Protector of Morelos (William Gates) 654
TNDEX TO DRAWINGS
H. Kent Holmes' Anti-Aircraft Gun 319
Hunger Map of Europe 256
War Industries Board . . .
Japan and Germany, Comparison of Territory
and Population
22
81
INDEX TO MAPS
Army Cantonments in the United States .... 552
Asia Minor 590
Cantigny and Trenches 634
Cantigny, Artillery Map of Our Barrage at . . . 632
Cantigny, Plan of the First American Attack . 631
France, Our Front in 624
German Concenttation Lines September, 1918 265
German Empire 343
German Empire: PoHtical Divisions. 464
German Islands in the Pacific 591
German Supply Lines November, 1918 266
Italy's Claims 472
Japan and the Eastern Theatre of War ...... 80
Kiel Canal, The 327
Map of Belgium 703
New Germany, Probable Position of 328
Northern Hemisphere, World Politics in 79
Ottoman Empire in 1683 and 1914 101
Poland 178
Russian Government 470
Seicheprey and the Old Trench Systems 626
South American Storm Centre 471
Southern Slav States 155
Turkey and Armenia 112
Tyrol, Race Problem in the 468
Why Germany Wants Alsace-Lorraine 198
INDEX TO AUTHORS
Bent, Silas 57
Bigelow, Poultney 185
Cliamwood, Lord 421
Chase, Joseph C 633
Clark, Victor S 345
Colegrove, Kenneth 412
INDEX— Continued
PAGE
Dilnot, Frank 267
Dosch-Fleurot, Arno 566
Gardiner, J. B. W 271, 325, 547, 705
Gates, William 385, 570, 654
Guenther, Louis 29, 149, 314, 393, 509
Plazen, Charles Downer 39, 18S
Houston, Herbert S 438
Hunter, Lieutenant Francis T 519, 537, 668'
Kelland, Clarence B 34
Latane, John H 441
Lauzanne, jM. Stephane 417
MacAdam, George
45, 154, 161, 281, 449, 539, 681 Mallon George Barry 275
PAGE
Mead, Elwood 61
Moore Frederick 206
Morgenthau. Henry 92, 203, 221, 294
Orth, Samuel P 340
Paderewski, Ignace Jan 173
Page, Arthur W 622
Page, Ralph W 305
Price, Theodore H i9, 665
Sedgwick, Ellery 375
Spillane, Richard 19
Stockbridge, Frank Parker. . .83, 332, 425, 505, 553
Stoddard, Lothrop 351, 399, 462, 581, 698
Thayer, William Roscoe 180
Williams, Talcott 445
INDEX TO PORTRAITS
Abdul Hamid 94
Alexander 1 404
*Allenby, General Sir Edmund 4
Andrassy, Count 407
Atterbury, Brigadier-General W. W 382
Baker, Newton D 145
Balfour, Arthur 408
Beatty, Admiral Sir David 427, 521, 536, 669
Bismarck, Count 407
*Bliss, General Tasker H 246
Bliss, General Tasker H 383
Blumenthal, M. Daniel 196
Borah, Senator William E 27
*Bourgeois, Leon 362
♦Braddon, Henry Y 127
Brown, Brigadier-General Preston 644
Bullard, Major-General Robert L 88, 642
Bundy, Major-General Omar 91
*Cambon, M. Jules 483
Castlereagh, Lord 404
Cavour, Count 406
*Cecil, Lord Robert 480
Chamberlain, Senator George E 25
Congress of Berlin 405
Congress of Vienna 401
Cronkhite, Major-General Adelbert 649
Crowell, Benedict 146
*Davis, John W 5
*D'E9perey, General Franchet 2
♦Dickman, Major-General Joseph T 247
Dickman, Major-General Joseph T 501
Disraeli, Benjamin 407
Duke of Wellington 402
Duncan, Major-General George B 650
Frederick William III 403
♦Galsworthy, John 601
Geronimo, Chief 283
♦Gillett, Frederick H 602
*Glass, Carter 484
*Gompers, Samuel 125
Gortchakoff , Prince 406
Grayson, Dr. Gary T 28
*Grey, Viscount 363
Haan, Major-General William G 504
♦Hanson, Ole 600
Harbord, Major-GeneraVj.' G.'. ".'.'..'. ...... '. 381
Hines, Major-General John L 502
♦House, Colonel Edward M 122
♦Hsu-Shih-Chang 7
Hughes, Captain 525
Hunter, Lieutenant Francis T 522, 523
Japanese Military Commission to United
States in 1918 69
Jellicoe, Admiral 679
Kaiser William II 93
Keppel, Dr. Frederick P 148
King George of England 427, 669, 670
Korth, Sergeant Herman 653
♦Lansing, Robert 478
Liggett, Major-General Hunter 87, 643
♦Lloyd-George, David 244
♦Lvoff, Prince George E 248
McCaw, Colonel Walter D 384
♦McCormick, Vance C 482
MacArthur, Brigadier-General Douglas 646
Mangas, Chief 282
Manteuffel 403
♦Masaryk, Professor Thomas C 128
Metternich, Prince 402
Meurer, Admiral 427
♦Mid-European Union 128
Muir, Major-General Charles H 503
Nesselrode, Count 402
Nolan, Major-General Dennis E 645
O'Brien, Corporal John R 652
♦Paderewski, Ignace Jan 124
♦Page, Walter H 8, 358
♦Palmer, A. Mitchell 604
Pershing, John J. 45, 165. 166, 170, 171, 172, 282, 287 288, 451, 452, 453, 456, 638, 639
Pershing Family, The 50
Pershing's Father, General 46
Pershing's Mother, General 47, 682
♦Pichon, M. Stephen 481
Prince of Wales 427
Read, Major-General George W 90
Rodman, Admiral Hugh. .427, 524, 525, 536,670
Roosevelt, Franklin D 525
♦Roosevelt, Colonel Theodore 364
Salisbury, Lord 408
Sherley, Swagar 26
Sims, Admiral William S 427, 524
♦Smuts, General Jan Christian 598
Stettinius, Edward R 147
Talleyrand 403
♦Taft, William H 361
♦Thomas, M. Albert 126
♦Wallace, Hugh Campbell 603
♦White, Henry 245
♦Wheeler, Harry A 126
♦Wilson, President Woodrow 242, 360
Wright, Major-General William M 89
York, Corporal Alvin C 651
The World's Work
FRENCH STROTHER, Managing Editor BURTON J. HENDRICK, Associate Editor
CONTENTS FOR NOVEMBER, 1918
General Franchet d'Esperey ---__-----. Frontispiece
THE MARCH OF EVENTS— An Editorial Interpretation 3
General Sir Edmund AUenby Mr. Kei Hara
Mr. John W. Davis Mr. Hsu-Shih-Chang
Mr. Walter H. Page
THE WORK OF THE WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD
Theodore H. Price and Richard Spillane 19
THE INVESTMENT PRINCIPLES OF AN AMERICAN BUSINESS MAN - - - 23
mE^ on IHE ]0^ m^KSHmGJOH {Portraits painted in color from life) - - - - 24 Chamberlain, Sherley, Borah, and Grayson
PIRATES OF PROMOTION - ------------ - Louis Guenther 29
How Rice's Pupils Play the Partial Payment Plan
WHAT THE Y. M. C. A. MEANS TO THE AMERICAN SOLDIER
Clarence Budington Kelland 34 The Army's Substitute for the Comforts of Home
PRUSSIANISM IN POLAND ---------- Charles Downer Hazen 39
Germany's Ruthless Oppression of the Poles
THELIFE0FGENERALPERSHING(///M5/ra/^J) I - - - - - George MacAdam 45 His Boyhood and Entrance at West Point
BUILDING GOOD-WILL FOR AMERICA IN THE ORIENT - - - - Silas Bent 57
FARMS FOR THE SOLDIERS WHEN THEY COME BACK (///w5/r^/^J)ELwooD Mead 61 The Federal Government's Probable Plan
THE WORLD AS IT \'^—]k?kn {Illustrated) .__..... 68
The Allies on the Pacific
GIVING THE SOLDIERS BOOKS TO READ {Illustrated) Frank Parker Stockbridge 83 The American Library Association's War Service
AMERICAN CORPS COMMANDERS IN FRANCE {Illustrated) - - 87
Our Army Leaders in France
AMBASSADOR MORGENTHAU'S STORY {Illustraed) VII - - Henry Morgenthau 92 The Murder of the Armenian Nation
MAN AND HIS MACHINES (///w5/r^/^^) - - u?
"The Eyes of the Artillery"
TERMS: $4.00 a year; single copies, 35 cents F. N. Doubleday, Pres. PL S. Houston, Vice-Pres. S. A. avERiTx, Treas. Russell Doubleday, Sec'y-
doubleday, page & company ^
Country Life The Garden Magazine
CHICAGO: People's Gas Bldg. GARDEN CITY. N. Y. NEW YORK: 120 W. 32nd Street
BOSTON: T/emont BldK. LOS ANGELES: Van Nuys Bldg.
(5) Press Illustrating :ci vice
The French commander of the Army of Serbs, Greeks, French, Italians, and British in the recent successful operations against the Balkan forces of the Central Powers, which resulted in the complete surrender of Bulgaria
THE
WORLD'S WORK
NOVEMBER, 1918
Volume XXXVII
Number i
THE MARCH OF EVENTS
PERHAPS never before has the world witnessed such a dramatic transfor- mation as that which has taken place in the last few weeks. In early July, Europe and America were living upon one hope. We were all praying that the armies of Britain, France, and Italy could hold back the invading Germanic hordes until the United States could gather the armies that would ultimately bring victory. That the allied forces could win with these reinforcements everybody believed; but it was a serious question whether Foch could keep back the Hun until next spring, when it was expected that America would have a large and decisive army in the field. The atmosphere of Germany was as ex- ultant as the atmosphere of the allied countries was depressed. The Kasier was loudly talking of the ''shining German sword," and of "the greatest hour in German history," while Ger- man diplomats were preparing to redraw the map of the world on the basis of a "dictated peace." Yet, a three month's active military campaign has entirely changed the situation. The Hinden- burg line has crumbled; in a few hours the armies of the Entente capture places that had success- fully resisted their attacks for four years. Meanwhile, the whole Teutonic Alliance is similarly going to pieces. Bulgaria has abjectly surrendered to the Allies, not only her army, but virtually the whole nation itself. The Ottoman Empire is passing through the slow agony of dissolution. Austria-Hungary, which boasts that it is the proudest monarchy of Europe, is down on her knee? for terms of peace.
Germany herself is making a pretense of re- forming her constitution on democratic lines, in the hope that these few changes will render it possible for her to negotiate a more favorable peace with the Entente. The defeat of Bulgaria itself indicates that the Teutonic Powers have lost the war, and that for the Allies the problem now is one merely of finishing the triumph in the most expeditious and complete way.
Yet this sudden reversal of the scene in itself contains one great danger. Defeated as the Central Powers unquestionably are, that fact does not mean that the war has ended. It does not mean that we have not yet ahead of us many months of weary and hard fighting, with th'eir temporary reverses and disappoint- ments, and even possibly their moments of doubt. Germany may retreat even to the German frontier, but Germany fighting in her own country will still be a formidable foe. She has still a large army, large resources, and a population that will defend her own soil with an almost unexampled tenacity. We must remember that, for Germany, as for Bulgaria, for Turkey, and for Austria, there is only one kind of peace — unconditional sur- render. Our armies must go to the frontier, to the Rhine, and to Berlin, if that is necessary, to bring this enemy of mankind to utter defeat. The events' of the past few weeks should give us courage and confidence in the future, but their main usefulness should be as an inspira- tion to more energetic eflorts and a steeling of the national will into a rigid determination not to end this thing until we are through.
,0 k.. n^...ki„/i^
Poif.. V Cn All rii?htu rm^rved
Whose destruction of the Turkish armies in Palestine is one of the great triumphs of this war. General Allenby was born in 1861. He began army service in the Inniskilling Dragoons and served in Zululand and South Africa. In 19 14, he commanded a cavalry division and fought through the Retreat from Mons, the battles of the Marne, the Aisne, Ypres, and practic- ally all the fighting on the Western Front before June, 191 7, when he was transferred to command the British forces in Egypt. Like Haig, Allenby comes from the cavalry, and it was by skilful use of cavalry that he trapped the Turks commanded by the German General, Liman von Sanders
Our new Ambassador to Great Britain. Mr. Davis is a West Virginian who has served in the House of Representatives, and for the last five years as Solicitor General in the Department of Justice
Mr. Kei Hara, the leader of the Seiyukai Party in the Imperial Diet, which believes in the party system of government for Japan as opposed to ministries chosen by the Elder Statesmen without regard to parliamentary majorities
»
The new president of China, whose programme for setth'ng the civil strife in China includes consolidation of the present opposing factions by pacific means, a permanent constitution on a truly republican basis, reduction in military expenditures and reorganization of the army, promotion of the economic welfare of the people, and development of Chinese trade through the cooperation of America, England, and Japan
I
The retiring American Ambassador at London, who recently resigned on account of ill health, after five years of service
The March of Events
A Welcome Return
IN JUNE, 1913, the World's Work printed in this editorial department the statement that its Editor, Mr. Walter H. Page, had with- drawn from all connection with the World's Work, to undertake the task of representing his country at the Court of St. James's.
Now, after more than five years of as strenu- ous service as any ambassador has ever been called upon to perform, Mr. Page has suffered a nervous breakdown and has asked to be relieved by his Government. When these lines were writ- ten, he was on the way back to his home.
Mr. Page will need a long rest,buthisassociates who have carried on the magazine during his absence abroad hope that in good time his editorial pen may again be a valued feature of these pages.
We are sure that the readers of the World's Work join with us in wishing him a quick return to health and an active part in making this magazine more worthy to do its best in these days of war. The London Times, in speaking of Mr. Page's retirement, says that in going he "leaves nothing but kindness and affection in the hearts of his hosts," and we, his country- men, shall be no less glad to welcome him home after his long absence in which he has served with all his strength and power.
A Temporary Absence
R. ARTHUR W. PAGE, editor of the World's Work during his father's ab- sence from 1 91 3 until recent months, has entered the service of his country abroad and has temporarily, beginning with this number, severed all his connection with the magazine and its editorial policy.
M
The United States upon a War Basis
NOW that the new conscription law has gone into effect, the United States at last feels itself definitely upon a war basis. We now have one great, overwhelming, national in- dustry, and that is war. The political campaign which is now in progress illustrates this as well as every other manifestation of our national life. All minor political issues are lost in our na- tional contemplation of war. The only point about which Republicans and Democrats are quarreling is as to which party is the more en- thusiastically devoted to this absorbing national enterprise. No candidate dares to oppose the war
itself; the only point involved concerns which political party is the more competent to conduct it. The most telling account one candidate can bring against his opponent is proof that he is now or at some time has been lukewarm in supporting the Allied cause. Certain Senatorial figures who have disappeared from the scene, such as Varda- man of Mississippi and Hardwick >of Georgia, almost solely because their record in supporting President Wilson's policies was found unsatis- factory, show that the American people are not disposed to stand any quibbling on this issue.
True to the traditions of a democratic state, America has been slow to action, but now that she has once taken her stride, she is piling achieve- ment upon achievement. With nearly two mil- lion men in France, with practically five million assured by the first of next July, with a war budget of more than $25,000,000,000 for this year, we are rapidly repelling the conviction that the democratic system is necessarily inefficient. The figures recently published by our War De- partment are fairly staggering. It tells us that we are now turning out rifles at the rate of more than 3,000,000 a year — a rate that is constantly increasing — machine guns at the rate of more than 400,000 a year, and shells, shrapnel, and small arms ammunition in corresponding quantities. It is only when we compare this production with that of a year ago that the figures are impressive. Thus a year ago we were making 855 machine guns a month — now we are making 35,500 in the same period. We are turning out 264,000 rifles a month now compared with 13,000 in 1917.
With practically all our leading colleges trans- formed into Army posts, with every man from 18 to 45 registered for military service, with most of our industrial plants transformed into manufac- tories of wafmaterials, with clubs, warehouses, and miscellaneous buildings taken every day for hos- pitals, with all agencies of transportation become avenues of traffic leading directly to the front in France, with almost every day bringing word of some new and inspiring victory, with the whole world, which only two years ago was covertly sneering at the United States for evading its obligations as a free people, now hailing this country as the nation that has turned the bal- ance to the side of victory — with all these things we can say that at last America has found her- self, that we are really at war. The finest aspect of it all is that we have found the means of self- expression, of giving scope to the best things in the national character, of showing that de- mocracy, far from beingthepowerless, inarticulate, aimless, flabby thing that its enemies have
10 The World's Work
charged, really has the power of exerting itself, abandoning the conception that controlled na-
and of making all its fine pretentions real govern- tional conduct in the twelfth century and are
ing forces in the world. Three or four years ago ready to adopt the principles that regulate it in
many Americans found that their country was too the twentieth. Mr. Wilson wisely recognizes
big, too extended, too filled with discordant ele- that any permanent peace must be guaranteed,
ments, but now we have found that we can focus, and by this, it is assumed, he proposes that the
our energies — can concentrate on a great end League shall possess adequate force to bring to
and put all our will-power into achieving a mighty terms any recalcitrant member, and force in the
purpose. It took the greatest tragedy in history shape of warships and heavy artillery. The rea-
to produce the finest thing in history — an ener- son for the necessity of such a guarantee is that,
getic, determined, efficient, idealistic democracy without it, peace "will rest in part upon the word
— a phenomenon that has come to life in England, of outlaws," and because ''there will be parties
France, and Italy as well as in the United States; to the peace whose promises have proved untrust-
and history will probably decide that it was worthy," nations which have shown themselves
worth the price. to be "without honor." But President Wilson
proposes to deal even with such nations justly,
The Wilson-Balfour Basis of Peace f^ ^e takes his stand against any economic war-
tare against them, except as a means of disciplme
IN HIS speech opening the Fourth Liberty and control."
Loan, the President has once more framed All this is entirely in accordance with the most
in general terms the causes and the purposes enlightened opinion of the world. In this same
of the war. It is no longer a war of statesmen; speech Mr. Wilson invites the leaders of other
it is a war of peoples. Whatever may have been nations to add their views to his own. Mr.
the issues with which the war began — and various Balfour, who voices the public opinion of England
minds interpret them in various ways — the issues as eloquently as Mr. Wilson voices that of the
now clearly stand upon the surface. We are United States, has promptly accepted this invi-
fighting for a reorganization of the world upon the tation.
basis of justice and fair dealing. We are fighting Mr. Balfour first emphasizes a point which was against the mediaeval and dynastic idea that implied in President Wilson's programme, and might is the only force that regulates the activities which is found in many other of the President's of nations. For the principles of Genghis Khan speeches on the war. Before any peace is estab- and Tamerlane and William of Hohenzollern, lished and any League of Nations is formed, Ger- we propose to establish the principles of the many must be completely and overwhelmingly Declaration of Independence. No nation is to defeated in a military sense. It is useless to argue conquer and destroy another nation simply with Prussian militarism; the only thing to do is because it has the power to do so. In the Stone to destroy it. Germany embarked upon this Age, the physically strong individual lorded it over great adventure for the express purpose of extir- the weak simply by virtue of his strength; he pating civilization, as civilization has been made could steal his property, his wife, his daughters, by such nations as England, France, the United anything that to him seemed desirable; the recog- States, and Italy, and of establishing on its ruins nition that the weak have rights and that it is the new world of Hohenzollernism. To crush the duty of the strong to protect them in these completely such conspirators against progress is rights, is practically what we mean by civiliza- not merely an act of justice; it is the only way in tion. And Mr. Wilson now insists that this prin- which we can preserve the institutions and the ciple be applied to nations as well as to individ- state of society which we have so laboriously uals; just as a code of laws protects the lives and constructed. "We are all agreed that there property of the weak against the depredations of can be no peace obtained by any kind of bargain the strong in the case of individuals, so shall a or compromise with the governments of the Cen- code of international law similarly protect the tral Empires," says Mr. Wilson, in his latest weaker nations against the buccaneering instincts Liberty Loan address. "In order to make the of the stronger. League of Nations possible," says Mr. Balfour, Mr. Wilson's mechanism for this new interna- "victory, and complete victory, is absolutely tional order is a League of Nations, which shall necessary. . . . Germany can only be a be organized at the Peace Conference and which member of the League of Nations when the inter- shall even include our present enemies, when national system has been reformed by a great defeat has reduced them to a chastened state of and wise and all-embracing peace, and that can mind, when they have discarded their present never take place until Germany not merely has national ideals, when they are reconciled to been obliged to change her profession of faith,
The March of Events 1 1
but until Germany finds herself in a position where the estabhshment of a League of Nations which,
all her dreams of world domination are torn to as its first duty and obligation, shall preserve,
pieces before her eyes. if necessary by force, the national boundaries and
"The other essential preliminary to the estab- national institutions which the Peace Conference lishment of a League of Nations," says Mr. Bal- has settled upon as representing the nearest pos- four, "is the definite reorganization of the world sible approach which we can make to justice in on the basis of freedom of peoples and of national drawing the future map of the world. No one rights." The first task of the Peace Conference believes that the wisest statesmen could make will be to undo the crimes committed in the this new map with absolute justice. But justice course of several centuries by those nations, can be reached within the bounds of human mainly Germany and Austria and Turkey, that fallibility. And when the work is completed it have most assiduously practised the Rob Roy will be the duty of the League of Nations to say: theory of politics. Mr. Balfour fortunately be- "Here is the best possible solution that we can comes specific, and in doing so he merely cata- find for the many problems which are presented logues once more the most important of the by the mingling of the races in Europe. The Fourteen Terms of Peace which President Wilson great advantage our solution presents over those set forth last January. It is not so difficult to attempted in the past is that we have really draw this new map of Europe, if we intend to hold tried to settle the issues with justice and fair fast to the principles of racial homogeneity and dealing as our motives. We have not been national rights. There are two states whose very seeking to promote the aggrandizement of par- existence is a challenge to these principles. These ticular dynasties or the imperialistic ambitions of are Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire, overweening nations. We have done our best Both represent no idea except the crushing of to give the world a democratic peace. This other peoples, most of them possessing a civiliza- map, therefore, contains the future boundaries of tion superior to that of the overlord. Mr. Bal- Europe. If these boundaries are changed in the four demands the extinction of both of these em- future, it will not be done by one nation or a par- pires. There can be no permanent peace in the ticular group of nations — it will be done by the world as long as they exist. Certainly no one supreme tribunal of the League of Nations, after who reads Mr. Morgenthau's article in this num- a careful consideration of all the points involved, ber of the World's Work, describing the Turkish Any nation that attempts to interfere with this re- attitude toward subject peoples, and the methods organization will do so at its peril." which the Turk has adopted to solve his Greek Here, then, we have the basis of permanent and Armenian problems, can be reconciled to the peace. Such a league would have seemed a continued existence of Turkey. Mr. Balfour dream five years ago, but, in view of all that has demands that the Polish people be made a nation happened in that period and the new train of once more, that Italians outside of Italy be re- thought upon which mankind has embarked, it stored to the Italian nation, that the 3,000,000 strikes the most hard-headed statesmen to-day Greeks who are not nationally a part of Greece as something entirely practicable.
shall resume their membership in the Greek state,
that all the Serbs outside of Serbia shall be j^^ qjj 3^, j^ and the New brought under the national banner, that Alsace- Lorraine be restored to France, and that all like ^ ■ ^HE last nation to join the Central Powers injustices and crimes committed in the past shall I in their onslaught on the liberties of man- be undone. All these points have been made X kind was Bulgaria. Bulgaria's adhesion before, but since the day is evidently rapidly to the Germanic cause was one of the most shame- approaching when the statesmen of the Allies ful episodes in modern history. It is doubtful, will have to deal with the new Europe in concrete indeed, if all history contains any proceeding terms, they cannot be discussed by responsible more cynical and more base. The story of the statesmen too frequently. Bulgarian nation supplied the reason for as-
If we combine the Wilson and the Balfour suming that Bulgaria's sympathies would inev-
speeches, therefore, we shall have a just and satis- itably go with the Entente. For many centuries
factory basis for a permanent peace. The several the Bulgars had had no independent existence,
steps will be as follows: First, an overwhelming The old kingdom of the Bulgars passed under the
Allied victory, which will enable us to impose heel of the Turk as long ago as 1 396, and for five
upon the Central Empires Bulgarian terms of hundred years this people had suffered all the
peace — absolute and unconditional surrender, agonies that were necessarily a part of Turkish
Second, the reorganization of Europe upon the rule. In 1876, the intolerable oppression of the
basis of racial rights and aspirations. Third, . Ottoman produced a slight revolt. The world
12 The World's Work
has not yet recovered from the horrors that ac- Three years ago Bulgaria, by her act, told the
companied the suppression of this nationalistic world that she believed that the Central Powers
spirit. The "Bulgarian atrocities" fill a chapter were to win. She now gives her opinion, even
all by themselves in the history of fiendish cruelty, more eloquently, that the Central Powers are to
approached only by the more recent martyrdom lose. She places herself unreservedly on the side
of Armenia. Bulgaria, amid all her sufferings, of the Entente nations to do with her as they will,
then looked forth to the world for help against What will be her future? That the Coburg
her age-long tormentors. Germany and Austria dynasty will vanish from Bulgaria may be taken
made no response. England, Erance, and Russia for granted. It is to be hoped that the substitute
proved to be her only friends. The atrocities will be a Bulgarian republic, just as there should
led Russia to declare war on Turkey, and the be a Greek republic, a Jugoslav republic, and a
result of this war was the creation of the modern Rumanian republic in the Balkans. That the
Bulgarian nation. Bulgarian nation will survive, possibly as an
Had Cuba, after the United States had entered even larger Bulgaria than the present one, is in-
the war, joined the Central Powers and declared evitable. The cardinal principle of the Entente
war upon the nation that had liberated her from contention is that the several races of the earth
Spain, we should have looked upon this as an shall each have the right to an independent, nat-
act of almost unexampled ingratitude. But this ional existence. Bulgaria is a nation in all senses
would not have been comparable to Bulgaria's of the word, and the Bulgarian people, therefore,
ingratitude to Russia, for the sufferings from have every right to develop in accordance with
which we rescued Cuba were slight when com- their national genius. Whether the new Bulgaria
pared with those from which Russia had rescued shall comprise Macedonia, or a part of it, is a
this Balkan people. And the particularly dis- point to be decided in accordance with the same
graceful part of this betrayal was that Bulgaria principle. At present Bulgaria's defection is a
threw herself into the arms of Turkey, the nation great boon to the Allies in a military sense; the
that for centuries had plundered and oppressed future of the nation, and its territorial limitations,
her, that had tortured her men and ravished her are matters to be decided according to the princi-
women. Yet this international episode served pies that shall govern the organization of the new
one useful purpose. It seems improbable that it Europe.
was really the free expression of the Bulgarian
people. Bulgaria was placed in the light of a ^-^^^ ^^ Pan-Germania traitor among the nations mainly because she
had a German princeling as her Czar. Eerdinand ^ i ^HE unconditional surrender of Bulgaria,
of Coburg was the complete embodiment of Ger- I and the rapidly crumbling power of the
man statecraft and German dynastic morals. X Ottoman Empire, bring to an end the
An adept in the philosophy of Frederick the grandiose enterprise that led to the present war.
Great, he believed that "if a sovereign remember The ambition of the Kaiser to construct a great
that he is a Christian, he is lost." In Ferdinand's Oriental Empire really marks the separation of
eye a king has no morals, no sense of decency or of the new Germany from the old. Bismarck
gratitude; it is his duty to cheat, to lie, to deceive, had never imagined Germany as anything but a
to betray, and to be dishonorable in all public European Power, and his famous remark about
and private relations, so long as this kind of con- the Balkan territories, that they were "not worth
duct promotes the development of his " House." the bones of a single Pomeranian grenadier," really
The Bulgarian nation is only forty years old; it, pictured the attitude of the old Germany toward
therefore, has not developed sufficiently to create schemes of foreign aggrandizement. When the
the mechanism of a strong, popular will that can present Kaiser came to the throne, in 1888, the
direct public policy against the selfish schemes of attitude of Germany toward external enterprises
an intriguing sovereign. In all probability the changed. The following year the Emperor went
sympathies of the Bulgarian masses, like the sym- to Athens to attend the wedding of his sister
pathies of the Greek electorate, we^e with the Sophia to Constantine — a royal couple who have
Entente. It is at least charitable to believe that figured much in recent history. The Kaiser
it was a conscienceless autocratic king who com- seized this opportunity to visit the Sultan at
pelled the Bulgarians to take the field against the Constantinople — the first time that any European
very political ideals that had freed them from sovereign had paid such an honor to the descen-
century-old oppression and that had made them a dant of the Osmans. Evidently it was on this
nation. occasion that the Germanic intellect began to
But now Bulgaria, which was the last to join ruminate on the decadent Turkish Empire and
the Central Powers, is the first to abandon them. ^ especially on its rich but neglected provinces in
The March of Events 13
Asia Minor and the Tigris and Euphrates valleys. Gulf. This is the reason why the world would
Nine years later the Emperor made his spectacu- receive with apprehension this extension of
lar pilgrimage to Constantinople, Jerusalem, and Germanic influence to the east, and this is the
Mecca, thus becoming "Hadji" William and reason why Bulgaria's surrender means so much
the self-constituted "protector of 300,000,000 for the future peace of mankind. Now once
Moslems." Meanwhile German scientists had more Bulgaria and Serbia lie, like huge bastions,
visited Mesopotamia, examined its agricultural athwart Germany's progress to the Ottoman
possibilities, and selected it as a fruitful coloniza- Empire. As a menace to civilization, the Kaiser's
tion field for thrifty Germans. German political Far-Eastern Empire is as dead as Alexander the
savants, such as Paul Rohrbach, began to preach Great's,
the doctrine of "Hamburg to Bagdad," and in a
few years work was begun on this railroad, largely America Committed to the Disruption of a German enterprise. Austria-Hungary
When Turkey entered the bosom of Germany, .
in November, 1 91 4, all these German plans seemed 1 A RESIDENT WILSON'S recognition of
P
to have achieved success. Yet it was not until 1^-^ Czechoslovakia, following similar recog- Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, in October, JL nition by Great Britain, France, and 191 5, that the Pan-German scheme blossomed Italy, means that a new nation has been born into full bloom. Bulgaria's accession meant into the world. It also means that an ancient that the Allies' attempt to capture Constantinople empire has ceased to exist. At first these may and open the Dardanelles — thus driving a wedge seem rather startling statements. There is to- between Turkey and her Allies — would fail, day no such political entity as that whose for now Turkey, which had had to keep a large existence our President has technically ac- army on the Bulgarian frontier, could concentrate knowledged. There is, moreover, a political her entire forces in repelling the Franco-British organization known as the Austro-Hungarian attack on Galljpoli. It also meant that Serbia Empire, containing a population of 50,000,000, would be overwhelmed. These events rapidly a reigning dynasty that prides itself on its ex- followed and German influence extended from clusiveness and antiquity, an extensive if the North Sea through the Balkans, included all materially weakened military organization, and of Asia Minor and almost all of the Ottoman a detailed, administrative and bureaucratic territory to Bagdad. The Allies and the Amer- system. Yet it is just as inevitable that Czecho- ican public awoke to the dangers of this Pan- Slovakia — perhaps not under that name — will German scheme only after it had become a appear on the new map of Europe as that practical reality. Many voices, particularly that Austria-Hungary will disappear. The recogni- of M. Andre Cheradame, now began eloquently tion of this new state will necessarily lead to the to point out what this success implied. Why was similar recognition of the new nation of Jugo- it a greater evil, it might be asked, for Germany slavia. Just as inevitably the extreme eastern to dominate the decrepit Ottoman Empire than segment of Hungary, known as Transylvania, for England to dominate India? Doubtless will become a part of the new Rumania and German enterprise could transform the neglected that part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, dominions of the Sultan into thriving agricultural known as Galicia, will automatically become a and industrial fields; would not mankind be a part of the newly constituted Poland. After gainer from such development? these changes have been made two compact To all these pleas there was one sufficient and homogeneous countries will be left. One answer. We may admit, if we please, that of them is Hungary; the other is the Grand England's control of India is an injustice; but Duchy of Austria. Both these states are en- one thing we cannot claim — it does not imperil titled to an independent existence for precisely the peace and independence of the world, even the same reason that Poland, Serbia, and Bohemia civilization itself. Should England train her can rightly claim their own; that is, nature her- 100,000,000 male subjects in India into goose- self, and not the artificial processes of conquest, stepping soldiers, and use them as an aggressive usurpation, and dynastic villainies, has made force with which to subjugate mankind, England's them political and racial and linguistic entities, retention of India would imperil the world. This is not the time, however, to draw the That is precisely what Germany would do if she boundaries and determine the institutions of controlled India. And that is the first use she the new states that are to rise in Central Europe, would make of the Balkan nations and the mis- The all-important point at this moment is that cellaneous peoples who inhabit the lands that the American Government, by recognizing the 3ach from the Mediterranean to the Persian Czechoslovaks, has taken a stand that means
,4 The World's Work
the disbolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. 1916, she gave some inkhng of what she under-
So far as an otlficial attitude is concerned that stood by a Hindenburg retreat. But this section
break-up has already begun. At first there of France presented only a few opportunities
seems something almost brutal in thus calmly compared with those afforded by Belgium. Ger-
proposing the extinction of one of the great many's retreat here will cross many of the world's
powers of Europe. Yet a little knowledge of most beautiful and historic cities — Bruges, Ghent,
history will promptl\' dissipate any such qualms. Brussels, Antwerp, Liege, Namur, to mention
-When we glance at the map, that expanse in only a few. In these places the Kaiser possesses
the middle of Europe looks like a real nation, splendid hostages; it is not unlikely that the
as much a nation as England, or France, or perverted German mind will see in them the
Spain, or Italy. Yet it is not a nation at all; means of obtaining a more favorable peace than
it never has been one and it never will be one. the military situation would warrant. It is not
It is merely the product of a series of political inconceivable that he may propose terms of
crimes, extending over centuries, and its existence peace which the Allies must accept under threat
is a constant challenge to democracy and to the of making a waste of Belgium, with all its beauti-
principles of freedom. It has risen on the dead ful cities and historic and architectural treasures.
bodies of other nations, it has flourished by Had the Kaiser succeeded in overrunning and
plundering subject peoples and suppressing, by occupying France, as he expected to, it was his
the most inhuman methods, all the instincts plan to answer the British naval blockade by
and ambitions of free men. Its death means starving the whole French nation, and the mind
that these peoples, who have been almost in- that could conceive this kind of warfare will not
articulately struggling for expression for centu- stop at destroying Belgium, if thereby it can
ries, will once more come to life. obtain peace terms that will not mean national
By recognizing one of these peoples, Mr. ruin. It would be the last weapon of a dying
Wilson has thus sounded the issue of the whole autocracy.
war. He has shown concretely what he means This is a contingency for which the Allies must
by his declaration that, in the settlement of prepare. Germany must be informed that any
this gigantic contest, justice and right shall destruction wreaked by her retreating army will
prevail, and that, as a conclusion to a peoples' be paid for in kind. For every city destroyed,
war, we shall have a peoples' peace. a German city will be destroyed, for every cathe-
dral dynamited, a German cathedral will be
Germany's Last Remaining Weapon dynamited, for every French and Belgian farm-
° ^ house destroyed, a German farmhouse will be
yiS THE German armies are beaten back destroyed, for every fruit tree cut down, a German
/\ to their own country, more than a great fruit tree will be cut down, for every mediaeval
1 V military power is disappearing from the castle which is demolished, a castle along the
scene — a national ideal, an autocratic system is Rhine will be exacted in reprisal. This is the
vanishing from the face of the earth. All the only possible way of preventing the depredations
things which we comprehend under the name of which the German army chieftains are unques-
Kaiserism are fighting theirlastbattlefor existence, tionably meditating at the present moment.
A defeated and humiliated Germany means the Since the Allies began bombarding the German
end of the royal brigands whose wild ambitions towns along the frontier, there have been far
have plunged their country into the greatest abyss fewer air raids on London and Paris. The Ger-
into which any nation has ever sunk. At last man mind understands only one form of suasion,
it is true that the Kaiser is fighting a defensive and that is definite action.
war — a war of defense against an outraged civiliza-
tion which is determined to destroy the evil thing Insurance Money to Stimulate
that has transformed the world mto a place of r? o j -^•
Y^Q^^Q^ ^ Farm Production
Is it to be expected, under these circumstances, ^ ■ ^HE two hundred and forty life-insurance
that this monster will leave unused any method I companies in the United States are trus-
T
that may prolong its existence, that may even A tees for six billion dollars of the people's
save it from the avenging forces that are every savings, which they hold to mature fifty million
day increasing in strength? This is the reason insurance policies. This money is invested in
why the German retreat from Belgium and bonds, in real-estate mortgages, and about 15
northern France arouses such wide-spread per cent, of it is lent back to policy holders,
anxiety. When Germany withdrew from the area More than a third is invested in loans on farms
of the Somme, alter the disastrous campaign of and other real estate; the percentage of these to
The March of Events 15
the total having grown in recent years. Recently official. As District-Attorney of New York the Association of Life Insurance Presidents County, he rendered valuable service in break- separated thefigures for farm and other real-estate ing up criminal gangs and in bringing to justice mortgages and this compilation shows how the men who expected to escape punishment through companies, through their farm loans, have helped political influence. His work in apprehending to increase food production since the war started. and sending to execution the gangsters, headed
The figures for 165 companies show that be- by the Police Lieutenant, Becker, who had tween December 31, 19 14, and the end of 19 16, murdered the gambler, Rosenthal, was one of these companies increased their outstanding the greatest services rendered by any public farm loans by J 1 90, 161,000, or 29 per cent. Dur- man in recent years; it practically destroyed ing that same period their loans on other real the subterranean association which had existed estate fell off 2 per cent.; their gains in bond hold- for a long time between a certain element in the ings was 16^ per cent. In the first nine months of New York Police Department and the criminal 1 9 1 7 the new farm loans made by 1 59 companies classes and so paved the way for the great reforms were $200,000,000; the maturities for that period accomplished by the late Mayor Mitchel. As are not given. The fact is brought out that 95 Governor, Mr. Whitman has many achieve- per cent, of the increase in farm loans in 1916 merrts to his credit, notably his work in reforming over 1 914, and 94 per cent, of the new loans of the state's penal institutions, and his patriotic 191 7, are located in nineteen states which produce efforts to improve the state's military efficiency, nearly 75 per cent, of the country's essential But Mr. Whitman's great shortcoming as a food crops and 80 per cent, of the food live stock county and a state official has always been his of the country. Thus are the insurance com- tendency to regard his present office as the step- panies, by loaning 'funds in territories where ping stone to a higher one, and to use the patron- food production can best be increased, helping age for promoting his political ambitions. No to win the war. secret is made of the fact that he is now interested
The farm mortgage has become a sign of pros- in his reelection to a third term as governor,
perity. Iowa, which has the largest farm pro- chiefly because he hopes that it will lead to his
duction of any state, has also the largest per- nomination for the Presidency in 1920. His
centage of its farms mortgaged and the greatest career naturally causes the suspicion that, if
amount of farm loans outstanding. Life insur- elected, he will use the office to advance these
ance company loans on the farms of that state aspirations. That there is a tendency in New
are nearly three times what they are in any other York to resent this attitude is not surprising,
state; and more than 51 per cent, of Iowa's New York State has a population larger than
farms are mortgaged. that of many European countries; its wealth is
incalculable and its activities, political, social,
New York's Choice of Governors and economic, now reach to all parts of the
world. It IS nov/ facing probably the two most
WERE not the interests of Americans momentous years in its history. Certainly here
so largely absorbed in international is an opportunity great enough to absorb the
affairs, an event that is taking place energies of the most capable man and to satisfy
in New York State would enlist the widest the ambition of the most aspiring. No man
popular attention. Elections in the largest can satisfactorily perform his functions in this
American commonwealth always have an interest great office, if he has his eyes constantly turned
that extends far beyond its borders, and this in the direction of Washington,
is particularly the case this year. For New Yet the alternative to Mr. Whitman is so
York is facing in a new form its perennial pro- discouraging that the present Governor will
blem of good or bad government. The Repub- probably be reelected. His Democratic oppon-
licans have renominated for the governorship Mr. ent, Mr. Alfred E. Smith, is in some ways one
Charles S. Whitman, who has already served of the most attractive and even brilliant figures
two terms. As Governor, Mr. Whitman has in the state. His history is of that engaging
been an indifferent success. Perhaps no career kind which appeals to democratic Americans,
in recent years has illustrated so distressingly the The son of poor, Irish immigrants, Mr. Smith was
extent to which an itching for political promotion born and spent his early life in the congested
can so warp the character of a public man. Mr. East Side of New York City; his natural gift for
Whitman has ability as an administrator and popularity, his keenness of mind, his industry,
a genuine desire to do his duty by his state, and his genuine interest in public matters long
There is not the slightest suspicion concerning since made him a dominant, political figure in
his honesty as a private citizen or as a public his native city. His mental qualities far tran-
i6
The World's Work
scend those of the usual machine politician. In the recent constitutional convention in New ^'ork, Mr. Smith showed a grasp of constitu- tional complexities and an intimate acquaintance with political history and social problems that called forth a public tribute from Elihu Root. Mr. SnYith likewise enjoys a high reputation for personal honesty. Yet in his speech accepting his nomination he unconsciously mentioned the one point that will make it all but impossible for New York State to accept him as Governor. This was the sixteenth time, he said, that he had been nominated for public office. All his life Mr. Smith has been an office-holder;. he has practically never had any other occupation; and all his offices — as well as his present nomina- tion for the governorship — he has received as gifts from Tammany Hall. It strains credulity to believe that any man could have received so many favors from this organization without accepting its dictates. When reduced to his natural elements, therefore, Mr. Smith is one thing only — he is Tammany Hall's candidate for the governorship. He is the agent through whom Charles F. Murphy expects to lay hands on the offices and administrative departments of the richest state in the Union. In only one way can Mr. Smith appear before the public in any other light, and that is by a statement repudiating Tammany and all its work. Unless Mr. Smith takes this position unequivocally, there seems little likelihood that New York will surrender its governorship to an organization whose one rule of being it is to plunder and to betray.
"Pirates of Promotion'' — In the Partial-Payment Plan
SINCE the article in the "Pirates of Pro- motion" series which appears in this num- ber of the World's Work was written, the Fiscal Service Corporation, of 68 1 Fifth Avenue, New York City, has been flooding the mails with appealing "literature" to induce people to buy stocks through it on the partial-payment plan. While this series is not meant to be a catalogue of the pirates — there are too many of them to be covered in such a series — yet this new concern has such a convincing scheme for parting people from their money and ample financial backing to give it wide publicity, that it seems well to mention it in connection with this month's article which deals particularly with the partial-payment business. Furthermore, it shows a general tendency in the field of get-rich-quick finance to which •public attention should be called. The man in active charge of this new concern.
who gives his name as Henry Pommery, is Harry K. Pommeroy, alias Wolf, who was arrested in 1914, charged with grand larceny in connection with the sale of a mining claim to a New York doctor. He forfeited bail and was arrested twice afterward, but the case never came to trial, for the doctor, who had left the state, decided, after he had received a visit from Pommery, that he did not care to come back and testify against him. Repeated requests from the New York County District Attorney's Office failed to con- vince the doctor that he should assist the officers of the law in prosecuting Pommery. Another of Pommery' s adventures in the field of get-rich- quick finance was as an agent with E. M. Fuller and others in the sale of Pulitzer Publishing Com- pany stock. The details of that case are given in E. M. Fuller's record, on page 32. It is inter- esting to know that the man who was reputed to be backing Pommery financially at the time of his arrest, is the same man who is understood to be back of this new Fiscal Service Corporation, and is also one of the principal characters in this month's article.
So when new investors, who have learned that they can save to buy Liberty Bonds on the partial- payment plan, read the story of how one man ran J II 5 and $2 5 a month into J i o, 5 1 1 .82 in ten years by the Fiscal Service plan, as told in the book being distributed by the concern, they should not lose sight, in their desire to emulate this mythical man, of the most important sentence in the whole book: "There are houses in the business of selling stocks and bonds on the partial-payment plan which are undoubtedly responsible; unquestion- ably also, others are utterly unfit by training, responsibility, and intention, and in financial transactions you should be sure." The emphasis is properly placed by the concern itself; and when the investor in a later mail, receives word that a million dollars' worth of Government bonds are "deposited" somewhere for his protection, he can be sure that they are there as additional bait to lure him on. The fact that those back of the concern own that amount of bonds shows him how profitable the get-rich-quick game has been in recent years.
The fact that these successful pirates of pro- motion are turning to the partial-payment field, indicates what may be expected of others of their kind. A reason for this is, of course, to be found in the increased efforts of the Capital Issues Committee in Washington to stop the flotation of issues which are incompatible with the na- tional interest. The growing demand for facili- ties for buying securities by small payments also explains why these shrewd merchants are going into that field.
The March of Event? 17
Their activities are especially pernicious at this normal fuel supply for the manufacture of time of war financing, as they are devoting par- pleasure cars, and soon they will receive none, ticular attention to the holders of Liberty Bonds. Brewers have been allowed only 50 per cent, of A great many purchasers of these bonds do not their normal supply and now they have been shut- realize that unless they hold them after they buy off entirely. Clay-product manufacturers and them, they are simply throwing their weight back florists have been greatly restricted. In the into the general financial market and adding to congested portion of the East the building of the burden of national finance. Yet the partial new industrial plants and additions to old has payment pirates are asking the public to sell or been prohibited. The adoption of the skip-stop hypothecate their bonds to buy worthless stock. plan for trolley systems has been strongly urged.
Because it is our new investors on whom we Unnecessary street lighting has been forbidden
must depend to a considerable extent for the four nights a week in the East, and two nights in
continued financial supremacy of the country — other sections. The Administration is urging
because it is just these people who will sufi'er the centralization of electric power plants and
most from the operations of the pirates of promo- shutting down of isolated stations. It is es-
tion in the partial payment field — the best efi'orts timated that the householders can save 15,000,-
of the authorities and of all others interested in 000 tons. To teach householders the most
honest finance should be directed toward cleaning . economical way to use home-heating appliances,
up that field. The article this month on the the Fuel Administration has a corps of experts
''Modern Bucket-Shop" shows that it is far from throughout the country, giving public lectures
clean. and visiting private homes.
Responsible citizens are constantly presenting
Our Coal Supply is Increasing but Not to the United States Fuel Administration lists
Fast Enough ^^ industries which are not essential to the
prosecution of the war, demanding that the
THE strong economic position still held by Government deprive these of coal and thereby
the United States is evidenced by the fact prevent the serious shortage which threatens
that we are the only nation at war whose the Allies. These people do not realize what a
coal production is increasing. Although the terrible economic and social collapse would
railroads have not been able to supply cars immediately and inevitably follow such a step,
enough, we mined 10 per cent, more coal this When asked what would become of the 5,000,000
year than last. Now the Fuel and the Rail- people who would be thrown out of work, they
road administrations are cooperating so ef- answer that the war industries would absorb
fectively that there is every probability that them. But the transfer of large numbers from
soon we shall have the cars to handle immediately one business to another cannot be accomplished
every ton of coal the present supply of mine labor- in a moment; such a process must be gradual,
ers can produce. Experts predict a 16 per cent. Most of these employees are not migratory;
increase in production for the year ending March their homes and everything essential to their
31, 19 19; now they are almost a week behind happiness has centred through the years around
their schedule, but overproduction lately seems their places of work. They know no trade
to show that this handicap will be overcome, but that at which they have worked, so that it
The Administration is accomplishing this when is doubtful if other manufacturers could employ
miners are leaving for the army and more large numbers. During the slow process of
profitable war industries and extraordinary absorption (assuming it to be possible in time),
traffic on the railroads are hindering transporta- five million families would face starvation, and
tion. it is not unlikely that there would be frequent
But record production cannot furnish all the riots and bloodshed. The greatest financial
increase of 200,000,000 tons which our industries panic we have ever known would inevitably
require. We must conserve 100,000,000 tons, follow the stop of industries involving twenty
To accomplish this the Fuel Administration billion dollars' capital. The cessation of all
has established the "zone system," that con- amusements would have a serious effect on the
sumers may obtain coal at the nearest practicable morale of the country. P. B. Noyes, Director
place. A rigid method of inspection has been of the Conservation Bureau of the Fuel Adminis-
inaugurated, that only coal of the best grade tration, has said:
shall be mined. The Administration has also All responsible agents of the Government know that
reduced as much as possible the supply for keeping labor reasonably employed and only taking
non-essential industries. Automobile companies away from non-war work as fast as it can be employed
have been receiving only 25 per cent, of the in war work, is nearly as important for the success of
i8
The World's Work
this war as iho manufacture of munitions and ships. . . . 0\cr and beyond the desperate need of coal for war purpose, lies an equally desperate need of coal to preserve the lives and happiness of the popu- lation. The threatened shortage of coal can only mean unemployment and financial ruin.
1 bus coal enough must be mined and trans- ported to keep war industries running on a loo per cent, basis, and still prevent shut-downs of non-essential factories. The increased demands of the railroads, which use 25 per cent, of the total output, must be met; electricity must be manufactured; homes must be heated, and we must make up for the decreased production of the Allies. Last year's production surpassed the normal by almost 60,000,000 tons; but to ac- complish these things we must this year have an output of 85,000,000 tons more than last year's.
Acres and a Mule for Veterans
SECRETARY LANE has proposed— and the President has approved — a plan for k preparing farm lands for returned sol- f diers. Various Senators and Representa- tives who support the measure, wish to see Government land provided for the soldiers of this war as it was for the veterans of the Civil War. This is all very gratifying. The plan is a good one, and deserves support, but those who are in authority should remember that the struggle for Nebraska was as discouraging as the struggle for Richmond and that the retreat from Kansas was as bad as the retreat from Bull Run. When the Government has provided the soldier a tract of land, it has merely provided him a battlefield. If he is to hold the field, it must also enable him to secure machines and equip- ment. He will need long-term, low-rate "Victory Loans," and he will also need continued ''Com- munity Service" and possibly Red Cross work then as now.
Secretary Lane evidently realizes that pro- viding bare land is not enough. In his letter to Chairman Sherley, of the Committee on Appro- priations, he expresses his appreciation of their appropriating $200,000 for preliminary study, calls attention to the President's approval of the recommendation for devoting ? 1,000,000 to the work, and then submits an outline of the efforts other countries are making along similar lines. The United Kingdom, Canada, Australia,' New Zealand, and France, are cited. These countries are not only making plans to enable soldiers to secure land on just, reasonable, and equitable terms, but also for advancing loans for the im- provement and cultivation of these lands.
War has shown once more the national impor- tance of agriculture. But for such men as "Turnip" Townsend, England could hardly have stood the strain of the Napoleonic wars, and but for our farmers — to whom few indeed delighted to do honor five years ago — this war would have been lost long before our soldiers began to fight. War is outdoor work and many soldiers will probably be loath ever again to accept indoor toil. The Anglo-Saxon is the greatest pioneer the world ever saw. At van- quishing stumps, swamps, rocks, and subduing wild prairies he has never been equalled. How- ever, the returned veteran of our time should not be expected to endure the hardships (lack of credit facilities, medical care, schools, com- munity life, etc.) which those who finally won our West endured two generations ago. All ready-made plans for "ideal rural communities" should, of course, be touched lightly, for they all, like the Grand Model, seem foredoomed to fail. But Secretary Lane and his associates will do well to keep in mind that land, or even land and credit, are not the only essentials for success in this matter which is of national importance.
Soldiers Reading Serious Books
NE of the most surprising developments of the war has been the discovery that the American soldier not only has time to read, but that reading is a very serious and im- portant phase of his preparation for war as well as for his return to peace.
When the American Library Association, a year ago, made its first appeal for books for soldiers, the public responded with alacrity — and fiction. More than three million books have been given to the Association for distribution, but it has had to buy nearly a million more, and now needs another $3,500,000 to buy more books. Not that soldiers don't read fiction — they do. But the books they are demanding, insisting on having — books they need in their business and books they want because they can learn things from them — are of the serious sort.
The camp library has become an institution no less important than the Y.M.C.A. building or the mess-hall. Thirty thousand volumes in the main library building and half as many more dis- tributed through a hundred and more branches in and about the camp, are the standard equip- ment, and these books circulate more rapidly than the volumes of most public libraries. Be- sides building the camp libraries, equipping, maintaining, and operating them, through trained librarians who have volunteered their services at heavy sacrifice, the American Library
The Work of the War Industries Board 19
Association supplies the books for the Ubraries in of gunnery practice, study of which won several
Y.M.C.A., Knights of Columbus, and Jewish of them early promotions. The annals of the
Welfare huts, for the Salvation Army, the Red Library War Service, brief as they necessarily
Cross, the YW.C.A., and the War Camp Com- are, teem with instances of men who, through
munity Service. It subscribes for a long list of application to study in their spare time, have
magazines, and acts as the distributing agent "found themselves'' not only as soldiers but as
for the " Burleson" magazines, the ones mailed to the lines of activity they intend to follow
without address under a one-cent stamp. It after the war.
meets the recruit with a book when he first dons The camp library is offering a new and speedy his uniform, it supplies him with reading matter solution to our ancient national problem of the on the troop train and the transport, and, over- melting pot. Men of every race and tongue seas, maintains a library system centring in Paris make up our Army; they are learning to speak and and now having more than 350 separate points of to read English; a Greek soldier asked a camp contact with the soldier. librarian for a book that would help him to teach Some idea of the importance of books in the an Italian English! Primers and first readers scheme of a modern soldier's life may be gained are in demand, not only for the needs of our from the fact that at the Quartermaster's School polyglot warriors but for the unexpectedly large at Camp Johnston more than i ,000 subjects are proportion of American-born, of American stock, taught. The soldier who would qualify as a who had grown to young manhood totally illit- specialist in any branch of the service must pre- erate. Only rarely does one manifest the fa- pare himself thoroughly, and a large part of his talistic spirit of one soldier who rejected the preparation comes from the books which the librarian's offer of a book from which he could Library War Service of the American Library learn to read with the statement that he expected Association supplies on demand. When the to be killed, anyhow, and ** didn't want nothin' New London submarine base sent down for on his mind."
fifty trigonometries and thirty higher algebras Joining literature and war is one of the myriad
the order was promptly filled from the New York new phenomena of this phenomenal struggle,
despatch office. A group of artillery officers in Our soldiers are coming home better-educated
a Western camp had made up for them a library men than they were when they marched away.
THE WORK OF THE WAR INDUSTRIES
BOARD
Amazing Economies in Our Industrial Life Brought About by the Board's Constructive Suggestions Which Are Carried Out Loyally by Patriotic Manufacturers
BY
THEO. H. PRICE and RICHARD SPILLANE
T USED to be said, and no doubt it was gency Fleet Corporation and the Railroad Ad- true, that Americans were the most waste- ministration.
ful people in the world. It is doubtful The Board must at the same time provide the
if the indictment will stand hereafter. A supplies necessary to the military needs of our
remarkable work of commercial, financial, allies, together with the commodities urgently
and industrial economy and conservation is well required by neutrals who furnish materials essen-
under way, and for its inauguration we may give tial to us.
credit to the War Industries Board, the body While performing these important duties the
that has grown out of the Council of National Board must, in alliance with the Food, Fuel, and
Defense. Labor administrations, provide for^the country's
Broadly speaking the Board must see that there civilian needs. Its duty not only is to expand
is an adequate flow of all materials needed by the and stimulate production in industries essential
two great war-making agencies, the Army and to the winning of the war, but to protect, so far as
Navy, and the two organizations that most di- possible, the industries not immediately neces-
rectly support the fighting machine — the Emer- sary to the war programme. Where retrench-
ELIMINATING WASTE IN WOOL
20 The World's Work
ment and curtailment are necessary, the policy the magnitude of these requirements or the all- is to keep these industries alive and prevent their embracing economies that must be practised here destruction, even if they must be reduced almost if they are to be met. Take wool, for instance, to skeleton form. of which there was a shortage. It is unnecessary
In its operations the Board multiplies and sub- to dwell upon the importance of wool. If all the
tracts. It expands the production of materials wool in the world at the outbreak of the
necessary to the war programme and contracts war had then been distributed evenly among
the output of those that are not of prime need, all the people of the earth, there would have
This is accomplished b>' regulating the use of the been enough to apportion only fourteen ounces
basic economic elements: (a) Facilities, (b) to each individual. That wouldn't have sufficed
Materials, (c) Fuel, (d) Transportation, (e) Labor, for much more than a loin cloth, and (f) Capital. In this regulation the Fuel and Food administrations as well as the Capital
Issues Committee, the Federal Reserve Banks, A soldier uses on an average thirteen times as
the War Finance Corporation, and the Railroad much wool as does a civilian. That put a problem
Administration cooperate. The Priority List is before the Board which it had to solve. A year ago
the key that opens the door of access to the six last May it was pointed out to manufacturers
elements named. The Board has the right of that they were making i,ooo varieties of woolen
commandeering industries. Food and fuel are goods. If the varieties could be reduced to 200,
administered separately, but over every other there would be a saving; if to 100, a greater saving;
article of military need and of civilian life the and if to 50, a still greater economy not only
Board has direct control and it has indirect con- in wool but in other respects. In adjusting their
trol of food and fuel, as both require for their business to civilian needs, manufacturers found
distribution or production other materials or that certain types of garments were wasteful,
facilities that may be withheld or supplied by the They also found that wool could be conserved
organization of which Mr. Baruch is the head. by a judicious substitution of reworked wool and
Never perhaps has a body created by the Gov- the use of a percentage of cotton. They carried
ernment had larger powers than the War Indus- out this work of eliminating waste and utilizing
tries Board or accomplished more, and with so reworked wool and cotton so successfully, that
little friction. But the success that has attended within a year there was wool in plenty instead of a
its efforts would have been impossible without shortage of it.
the glorious spirit of patriotism, unselfishness. The economy was greater than would appear
and sacrifice that the business men of the nation at first glance. In the manufacture of men's
have displayed. clothes there was a great variety of styles. The
Individuals or groups of men in a certain indus- greater the variety, the larger the manufacturing
try occasionally journey to Washington to pro- cost. The number of styles carried in stock, the
test against something that is cramping them in duplication of sizes in the many styles, and the
their work. They imagine that they are being amount of capital tied up in the stocks that had
unfairly treated. Possibly they think some to be carried, greatly increased the expenses of
competitor is being favored. When they learn distributors and retailers. The expense to the
that there has been no favoritism; when they public, the ultimate consumer, was, therefore,
come to understand what the War Industries greater than it should be.
Board is doing, they are not only eager to comply Reduction in the number of models for men's
with its demands but they begin to study and clothing came first. Then it was found that by
then to outline ways in which they can do more eliminating unnecessary pleats, wide facings, and
toward curtailment or conservation than the unessential pockets, a further saving would be
Board has suggested. Rarely is there opposition effected. Woolen garments for men are now made
or criticism when they fully understand the sit- under certain regulations. The result has been a
uation. saving that makes a difference of between 12 and
,„^„ . _ 18 per cent, in the use of wool in this department.
AMERICA THE SOURCE OF WAR SUPPLIES xw , ^ , j i- ^ .^u
Women s wear presented a more delicate prob-
And what is the situation? Simply this: it is lem and its solution involved a resort to diplo-
not so much the lack of men as the lack of ma- macy. Paris sets the styles for the ladies. Cer-
terials that has lengthened the war. America is tain gentlemen in Washington made a few in-
the source of supply, and the dependence of all quiries by cablegram — the French Minister of
the other powers for the material needed in Commerce and Industry asked the arbiters of
resisting Germany's attempt to dominate the fashion over there a few questions — or, at least, it
world. Most Americans have never appreciated is presumed that he did — and the French design-
The Work of the War Industries Board
21
ers suddenly awakened to a fine appreciation of the beauty of simpHcity in style.
The Board did not dictate to American design- ers what women should wear. That Would have been presumptuous. It merely acquainted them with the situation. This immediately effected the desired result. A saving of 25 per cent, in the wool used in women's clothes was secured.
THE SAVING ON SAMPLES
But there were other savings, too. It had been customary for the mills to be liberal in supplying samples to the trade. This was considered good business. It was looked upon as a trade custom that it would be perilous for any concern to defy without disfavor. A unanimous agreement to end the practice was, however, different. It is estimated that the elimination of samples saved 3,000,000 yards of cloth or enough for 300,000 soldiers.
There had been a shameful waste of material in shoes. The Board stopped that by restrict- ing the height, the number of styles, the variety of colors, etc. To save metal it made suggestions that checked waste in the manufacture of bronzes, unnecessary articles made of tin, etc. Whether women realize it or not there has been a saving of steel through making corsets on simpler lines than formerly.
The American manufacturers seem to have had a craze for variety. Of metal beds, for instance, there were 600 different sizes and kinds made. The War Industries Board reduced the styles to thirty and in doing so effected an economy in material which in metal alone amounted to thirty-five pounds per bed.
By reducing the innumerable number of styles of hatchets, axes, bits, and such, an extraordinary amount of steel was saved. Not only that but it speeded up the manufacturing processes in the hardware business, reduced the stocks that manu- facturers and dealers had considered it necessary to carry and gave greater mobility to the money in the trade. No one suffered loss. Everybody was benefited.
Formerly there was great waste in the shipment of rubber shoes. Each pair was shipped in a separate carton. The cartons were in turn en- closed in wooden packing cases which were corres- pondingly and unnecessarily large. The millions of cartons used have been dispensed with and some 5,000,000 feet of lumber formerly required for packing cases is saved.
In the vacuum-cleaner business alone the Board found a way to conserve 1,000,000 feet of fabric hose.
A saving that should have a wide appeal to motorists is that effected in relation to tires. Not
long ago there were 287 varieties of automobile tires on the market. Now only nine are being manufactured. Imagine what that means in reducing the stock carried by dealers. Imagine what it means in saving of labor. There really is no more need for 287 varieties of automobile tires than there is for 287 varieties of trousers. Sense- less variety only tends to the creation of pockets into which much material and capital drifts and remains unemployed and useless. If the tire people had kept on, they would in time have approached the makers of box-cars in their fads and fancies. Ten years ago there were 1,100 different styles and types of box-cars on American railroads. Every railroad had its own car designer who thought he had to produce a box-car different from every other box-car to prove that he was competent to hold his position. What he did in effect, was to make box-cars cost ^100 per car more than was necessary had there been a reason- able standardization.
The same thing was true of the agricultural implement industry. There are, or rather there were, 3,000 varieties of tillage implements being manufactured. The War Industries Board has reduced the number to 600, and these 600 are standardized and can be made with standardized steel. Instead of changing rolls over and over, as formerly, to meet a variety of requirements, the rolling mills are now able to supply the trade from continuous rolls. This is a big economy. It means much to dealers in agricultural imple- ments. Where less than car-load shipments are made, it is proving advantageous to retailer and consumer as well as to the railroads. It benefits all concerned.
In curtailing useless styles, manufacturing complications are minimized, labor is saved, large stocks of raw material are made unnecessary, the excessive stocks the jobbers and retailers for- merly had to carry are reduced, and the drain on fuel, transportation, and capital is diminished. For example, when we had an endless variety of shoes a retailer had to carry a $5,000 stock. To- day he will be supplied to better advantage to himself and the public with fewer styles and a stock that represents an outlay of only $2,500.
In the packing and shipping departments of industry the Board's study has been as effective in results as in the lines that have received more extended reference here. The saving in paper, in labor, in wood, and in other things has been large. Here is an illustration:
Manufacturers of fire extinguishers journeyed to Washington to learn how they stood. They were told what the Board had done and was doing. They became enthusiastic. Some of them asked if they could not save steel for ships, for shells, and
22
The World's Work
for all the other needs of the Allies by reducing the amount of steel used in making fire extinguish- ers. The\- were asked to do what in their good judgment was right.
Then one man got up and said: "Gentlemen, this Government needs chloroform; we can pro- vide a lot of it. Let us get busy. Let us help the wounded."
His remark elicited hearty applause.
Who would suppose makers of fire extinguishers are large users of chloroform? They are. It goes into fire extinguishing chemicals to prevent freezing. They are in no danger of freezing unless subjected to a temperature ten degrees below zero. By reducing the chloroform used in the extinguishers that go to warm climates, half the quantit}' formerly employed will be saved. By instructing that the extinguishers shall not be exposed to the cold, more can be saved.
No one can measure the savings that in single instances seem small, but multiplied in thousands and tens of thousands of lines of business and classes of goods, from the most expensive to the cheapest, aggregate millions and millions of dollars in money.
It goes without saying that an organization which has accomplished so much with so little friction must include many extraordinary men.
This is conspicuously true of the War Industries Board and it is a great tribute to Mr. Baruch's acumen and tact that he has been able to assem- ble such an aggregation of commercial, manu- facturing, and scientific specialists and imbue them with an enthusiasm that has erased self- interest and made their magnificent team work possible. Most of them are serving without compensation and are what is known as *'$i.oo-a- year men," but their devotion to their work is in inverse relation to their pay.
Their policies are determined in council. Each day commences with a meeting at which the heads of all the divisions or committees are present. This meeting is followed by others at which the various groups gather to discuss their particular subjects.
Absolute frankness is the rule at these delib- erations.
The roster of the Board reads as if it were taken from "Who's Who in American Business," but as many of its members have requested that no mention of the commercial activities in which they have distinguished themselves should be made, lest it savor of advertisement, it is only permissible to present the unofficial diagram in which the names of the more important func- tionaries and committees are given.
THE WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD
AMfSTAIVT IQCUUIVItfl
MR.BM-BaRUCM. CttAIRMAn
MdAiexLECGE. Vice CttAiftMAn
MraC Ritchie (__
Mr. COiLLOft
Aumufr tdQumwi
JdOGC &APAfiKEP Pnieames Cfinr«s»an
Mo.'R.'SBflOOKiNGs Mr.GM.Peek | RfAnAonfniETaiERl
MR.MPIhCCl3
SCCKCTAW
H5E<J9er>y. Aal Sec>
JUKX EBParker
PRtOftmCS 60AR0 C»«naa Dn&<^wii
Director or l^vffc. tQ^v^<ioaktr. rvdAaMM^Ohot. TTWhtTaonA
trnttm 900amq Cot. Am iMse
ittfT^t
nCPiniivpt
PCtORtTIES COMMITTEE Cic#TT)on JudjetftPorkei
Vet Ooinaon. C K foster
A()ncM\nt tfisfcrnBtiGeorof Anssby Ali UlAJt0phcctM]ni.UCotdAWbK>y Uicomptet* toBiiccnivtx fWaat^enoa Uvivaitzti 9naixtx n n Sortour M*y Wjrti omr- Mton Or*»o«»e«.
OiIWdlandGoi8wUin9 Kdtenolv
Ll>Ofrf\«oy Of*»<XKf*rUin. QMridmntMosfto
TCOowttl T«ffil« no^r^d. Copper, firan. Atuni-
Qdttnf Ccminiltet. < t\n barbovr 5 LPOrddrtqr
OF BOARD
QftiGLGcntluenSJoHnson U.5.A.
PRICE FUOMG COMMrntC
R S Broofcifiqi ftd Trooe Comma»o(wr, W EL Colvtr
B M Boruch Tonff ComfnisstofKr, OrrwToussig
MughFroyne Fuel Admimstratof. ■ HA GoffieW
LieutCofRMMc/irgamfry M#nry CSluart
CommortJerJMHoncock Secrttory, WW t>h#lp5
Mr.J-L.Replogix
SnElAftMIIiHTIATaO
MrAlexLcgge
REOUREMCMTS DIVISION ChoTman A\ez Legqe
&«nerol Staff litutColCCBotton C;r-Orftcio. BMBoruch
Army fi«prej«pTot(v»Col GrtUttS ChwiiKOli CH MotDowtll
Omiervol.wi AWihow
Oept of Commerte . G K Buroea E"wreen£> rWf Corp, GMBnll rmirted PrwJuctj GnPeek Food AdmRep. Tr'Whitmcrsh Fuel Adminijtrofwn, t^ep. Pft/ioyes
MCrouPcp. Reprevartng AHitj J A Con- (ID Adir.m:i1rctK)n (l»frT C Powell 3tetl. JLRepiodle
Ttefc A*i»r. W I &, I L Summ-ra Jaws Inqlis
Ej«c\;ttv« SKTvtaoi WIGuyle*
PURCHASING COMMISSION
RAW MATCRIA15
Buddioj Moter.cIj OichofdLHumplipey JuTe. Memp. Cordog*. E CHeidncH Jr lumber, CnorlejEdgor
Hon- f erf ou J Hetol a. Pope Veatmon Ti". G«oi^e Armiby
SECTIOMS tmw^erey ConatructiofvCclWASfflfTttt Cmpl^fMnt nono^eraut Course s.
Cholfmo^ James Injd*
Inland Tro(f<. t C Oowell
LeMl. p J Bulhley
nedicol Industries. Lt Col FF iimpwn
Pfnonnel JectwA A R Pinci Pow«r rOoHinqtOn
Price; OrwCMtTchell
Pols Of>d Poptr. T C Donntll^
Doilwdy Equipment, JPFlonntry SpeciglAov-ioiy Commiltee on
Plants ond M«nirioni.iMVbwclatft Jtiired Matenab Section. jFWilhini
Mfi-HUGM Frayme Labor
MR.L.L.Sun«£R5
Techmical APVISM
LABOR DiVISlOM
Owurmoft, Mugti Froyne
Vs/AR PRlSOn UBOO AMD nATlOHAL WASTE-RCCLAM-
ATlon SECTion^
flfltionol Committee en Pnsofts ond Prijonlobor, >LaogqWhihn Dept of AqncuHure. WJ Sptltmon Conjervolion ond Oeclomotion Oiviiion.USA,L.eutJVRipp.n
Oept cK liibor AnthonyComme"!
Am. Fed of lobor. Jo^m jhonning Federol Board forVoutionol
Education, Or Chories HWinsIow D«pf ofCommefti. Edi^nf Sweet
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CONSERVATION DIVISION I |
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Army |
GennSJOftftjor |
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Ctw(n<Ql WlB. |
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FtnjhedProaucts |
George n Peek |
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lnlar,d Troffit |
TCOo-«ll |
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hovv non-ferrous Metoll. |
AdmSMcGowoft |
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PopeYeotmon |
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Plonmru « STotistci Ort f Gay 1 |
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PriOf.tWiWiB |
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Liecutive ^^cretorj |
«.T Cope land |
MnVlUAfioB.riARTlM Ct^icr CURK
Aist to Director. Frank Purnell
Ma.LI5w-lMERS
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1 ■■ |
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TCmUMalMMUOIVUIOII 1 |
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jonn^scoTT |
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color- QMColBlu |
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2S» |
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'•». |
Jltaisnxk |
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nut!r)*«JJ; |
b>v'So-k |
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s:?Er |
AWoltersoo |
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MIOu- |
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S'fk. |
VtmUmii |
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M>lnk |
>^f>tM) |
rar9*r>;i.Ct»>i3anMArnaond VmcU Arm AmnwMtton SPAujh
k3BWt«londCoM«f>q^ CAOTa
«JTTOOTt1IS3K)»«L WHRfTTER
A^ncu^ftrc) Imwefrenti Veh.des
ond Wood PradMCti. tfPofjonogt Automotrve OrnC^I^ CC noneh CPKdOaAaBdlA}tnMeiit& CE.Ctetui«
AsyrrocorfiwwtitR, acfiAwroBo
Clicmeol EWncal t1och>o« TmI
CW«r E()u» . Uatlw k)t»rtj
oa£ Cable. LeChyCkl'^
OE nerT][i«ancf
CHEMICAL DIVISION Director CMt^cOo^.*!
A6rojw«s.EIecTfoo«i. riC0uEiO>s Acids ond Hear/ Chem. ACBruOier Artif «cioi ond Ve qeioWe Oye.
Ikopf. >
_. . F 5cho( AII.0I1 ondChlonne. riG.-^...c.i Chemtcol Glosi Stoft«wore.Asb*3loi
Pomrond Pt^rnent. RSnubbord Platifium. CnC«»«r
QefrQctof'ei CCoTieif
Sulphur P)fct«j. WmGWoolfolK Tonrtn^Motenol C J nole> Tec^n>Ul ond ConiutriA),CyHDnoQ0y DrTPMcCuTcheoo OrCRVe.dU.n StotijliCl CODfWHIilPt
Wood Chemicoix C H Qomtt
Unofficiot
^Dupltcote %Mpti may be Obtomed m the Othce oY the S<cr«tary.l J
M
THE INVESTMENT PRINCIPLES OF AN AMERICAN BUSINESS MAN
R. A. R. ERSKINE, president of the earnings of four or five times the dividend
Studebaker Corporation, answers the requirements, are attractive investments for
question of how the head of one large business men. Investments in such preferred
American business concern invests his savings, stocks should be confined to those listed on the
And he has established in his mind well defmed New York Stock Exchange, as thereby the inves-
principles regarding the making of investments tor has daily information of transactions and
that apply not only to business men but to all can immediately sell his stock whenever he
other classes of people as well, both men and chooses. There are a number of such stocks
women. In his own financial afi'airs he puts paying seven per cent, dividends now selling
these principles into practice. around par or under.
When there is not a world war and the Govern- "While bonds of corporations, including rail-
ment is not asking everyone to take all the Liberty roads, are usually not subject to as wide market
Bonds they can, Mr. Erskine buys stocks — pre- fluctuations as preferred stocks, yet when the
ferred stocks for the attractive investment earnings and credit of corporations suffer, bonds
returns they give and common stocks for the decline in price nearly as seriously as preferred
chances of profit they hold out. But he does not stocks. If reorganizations occur, they fare but
buy them until he has an accurate knowledge of little better. As they do not pay the returns
their value; a knowledge based upon a study of that preferred stocks pay, for the experienced,
the earnings of the companies and of the busi- wide-awake investor, they are not as attractive,
ness and general conditions facing them. He "Values and market prices of common stocks,
does not act on the opinions of others. He on the other hand, fluctuate much more widely,
says: "If investors were always careful to be sometimes violently. They move with earnings,
guided by facts instead of opinions, there would upon wild rumors, and with changes in economic
be fewer losses." conditions; and, therefore, with few exceptions,
" Knowledge of the value of a stock should be are speculative in character. But keen students
a prerequisite to its purchase." This is the first and business men experienced in financial affairs,
investment principle that Mr. Erskine lays trade conditions, and market risks, can and do
down. "Such knowledge of values, as dis- make profitable investments in such stocks,
tinguished from superficial opinions, or the They are not safe, however, for inexperienced
opinions of friends," he points out, "can only be persons, either men or women,
obtained by a study of financial statements and "When we speak of Government bonds of all
of economic conditions. classes, behind which are the aggregate wealth,
"Value," he continued, "may be considered credit, and taxing power of the people, we speak as embracing the earning power as well as the of the most attractive investment of all. They intrinsic worth of the shares. Where the pro- are the safest from violent fluctuations or de- portion of liquid or quick assets is large, the clines in market value. The principal in them value, of course, becomes increasingly attrac- is most secure; the interest and final payment tive. Earning power and assets, plus honest certain. Hence, they are the safest investment and efficient management, combine to make a and especially suitable for persons out of busi- stock an attractive investment, provided always ness who are unfamiliar with the many angles of that the products or articles dealt in fill normal values and markets, and particularly safe for and essential needs of the people. trust funds and women. The interest rate
" Preferred stocks of such corporations, with is low but it is sure, and the principle, that the
intrinsic book values of more than three times safer the investment the smaller the return, is
the outstanding stock and with average annual here illustrated in its best example."
MEN ON THE JOB
IN WASHINGTON
Portraits painted from life by Joseph C. Chase
I
SENATOR GEORGE E. CHAMBERLAIN
Chairman of the Senate Military Committee
II
CONGRESSMAN SWAGAR SHERLEY
III
SENATOR WILLIAM E. BORAH
IV
REAR-ADMIRAL GARY T. GRAYSON
Medical Director oj the United States Navy
i"'»V'«^iii»
•*«*•****•«***■• •»**■• -»***«*****»*«'**«*ii»
/ ^/.'j-&-/'^ ^i^/n-frr.'fify.y ^hi^i'^. /f/S
SENATOR CHAMBERLAIN
CONGRESSMAN SHERLEY
I
SENATOR BORAH
X
DR. GRAYSON
Pirates of Promotion
Who Are After Your Liberty Bonds witii Their Get-Rich-Quick Schemes
THE MODERN BUCKET-SHOP
George Graham Rice's Influence Has Permeated a Wide Field — Records and Operations of
His Best Pupils — How the Modern Bucket-Shop Game Is Played — Out for
Liberty Bonds Via the Partial Payment Plan
BY
LOUIS GUENTHER
(In coll.iboralion with John K. Barnes, the Financial Editor of The World's Work) ''
WITH the recent arrest, for the in a position to study his methods from others
fifth time in his career, of trained by him. They are: Edward W. Bau-
(jeorge Graham Rice for using meister, Harold E. Boericke, C.W. Cannon, Albert
the mails to rob people of their J. Froelich, Dr. John Grant Lyman, B. H. Schef-
money and their Liberty Bonds, tels, and Charles A. Stoneham. One of these,
one of the ablest of the pirates of promotion was Boericke, is believed to have committed suicide
apprehended. But as one of his fellows in the to escape criminal prosecution, and John Grant
held of get-rich-quick promotion maintained at Lyman is now in the penitentiary. But the
the time, there are others operating in this game rest are actively operating in the financial field;
who are fooling the public even more than Rice and if investors believe a man is known by the
did. Some of them have been more successful company he keeps, then from what is known
than Rice in promoting the sale of new oil stocks about Rice, investors should naturally shun
— the form of get-rich-quick security now most these others.
popular with the public. Nearly all of them are Edward W. Baumeister, the first of this list, operating modern bucket-shops, as was Rice, learned the game from Rice as an employee of but because they are not as hard up as he was, B. H. Scheftels & Company. He later became they are able to make good when it looks as associated with Albert J. Froelich in ''The House though a client might cause trouble. A client is of E. W. Baumeister & Company" and because pretty sure to lose his money, however, if he of the operations of that concern these two part- continues dealing with them long enough; and ners were several times indicted by the Grand they, like Rice, are out after Liberty Bonds. Jury of New York County. One indictment was In tracing back the trails of the most success- for luring a widow to part with $17,000 on the ful of these other pirates, the interesting fact is promise that they were going to "let her in on a discovered that in many cases their careers as good thing." A receiver in bankruptcy was get-rich-quick promoters have their source in appointed by the United States District Court the trail of George Graham Rice, or have crossed in December, 1916, and the assets of **The his broad path at some point. The influence of House" were reported as worth about $300, this head-master of the game is to be found in with liabilities, chiefly money due the firm's many other offices besides his own, and the losses customers, of nearly §50,000. which the public has sustained in buying many Froelich seems to be the greater genius of these other securities in addition to those promoted two. He started with W. R. Howard & Com- by Rice himself, can be traced back to the educa- pany, which was a breeding nest for financial tion in get-rich-quick methods received in Rice's fakers. When Howard & Company went to university of finance. He has had some apt the wall, Froelich launched the firm of Wm. J. pupils; some of whom have even excelled him in Pullman & Company. This soon went into the certain branches of the game. hands of a receiver, and we next find Froelich in It is to warn the public against them that we his partnership with Baumeister. Now he is here give the records of a few of the best exam- the guiding spirit in K. M. Stanton & Company, pies of the lot, and show how they operate. Incorporated, a concern nominally presided over In one way or another the following men have by Miss Kate M. Stanton; and hiding behind at some time been associated with Rice or been this woman's name he is doing a flourishing
30
The World's Work
"THE BULLETIN"
tVit* coining ■yreeli tvIII fea- ture the report of Mr, EdT»'iu Barueii on
NEVADA HULS
business selling stocks in mushroom oil companies such as the Stanton Oil Company, which is pay- ing 3 per cent, dividends- a month and which he has been predicting for more than a year "should increase in value ten-fold within a year."
Harold E. Boericke also operated under a dif- ferent name, but his principal reason was not to hide his own identity. He had been a market letter-writer for W. R. Howard & Company. When he started in business for himself, in 1910, he employed a modest young man of limited means named Edwin Baruch and called his con- cern Baruch 6: Company. This was as near as he dared to get to the name of the reputable New York Stock Exchange firm of Baruch Bro- thers, of which Mr. Bernard M. Baruch, the well-known market operator and now a member of the Council of ^s^ational Defense, was the head. To add to the deception, Boericke used to refer in his circulars and advertisements to "our Mr. Baruch," or "our Mr. Edwin Baruch."
Vv^hen Boericke was found dead in bed one morn- ing, Baruch & Company, of which he was the sole owner, was placed in the hands of a liqui- dator, and cre- ditors are still wondering how much of their money they are goingtogetback. C. W. Cannon is operating un- der hisown name as head of Cannon, Stamm & Company, mem- bers of the Consolidated Stock Exchange of Nev/ York, with offices in New York, Pittsburgh, and Boston. He started as a manager of Sage & Company, a notorious bucket-shop of the nineties, backed by L. Adams, whose policy games were frequently raided by the authorities. Can- non was at one time with Baumeister & Com.- pany, mentioned above, and later ran Morrison 6c Company. Then he started C. W. Cannon & Company and recently organized the present firm of Cannon, Stan\m & Company. His oft repeated statement that this house was founded in 1907, is a camouflage designed to create the impression that the house is one of long standing. The records of July, 191 4, show he gave a bill of sale for one dollar to Edward J. Froehlich, on office fixtures, at 20 Broad Street, New York. Cannon is an intimate friend of George Graham
Copies on request
BARUCH & CO,
20 BEOAD ST.
USING AN EMPLOYEE S NAME
Harold E. Boericke hired a young man named Edwin Baruch and then called his concern "Baruch and Com- pany"
Rice and assisted him in foisting on the public his International Mines & Development stock.
The most successful one of this group is also operating under his own name — Charles A. Stone- ham & Company — with offices in Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Detroit, Hartford, Milwaukee, New York, Philadelphia, Providence, Springfield, To- ronto, and Worcester, and with a costly private wire system connecting them. Stoneham, like
Stock Market Qooimg Away Up
oDooslh l^& 0 [Po°c5aD0(9{^(&aQ
A tremendous buying boom has started an upward move- ment in N^w YorVc Stock Exchange securities vvhich is bound to force prices of these high grade dividend payers to much higher fjgures.
This upward inovement. In my opinion, is just beginning, 6nd the present opportunity is an exceptional-one in vvhicli to purqhase dividend paying securities upon the New York Slock Exchange.
I predict this advance, and customers of mine who fol- lowed my advice during the past two weeks got into tlie mar- ket at practically its lowest figvires, and are rapidly adding profits to their accounts.
Remember, under my new plan of Instalment payments. I Mvl\\ buy any security quoted or dealt in vipon tlie New York Stock lixchange throvigh a member of that organization el durrer^t nxairket quotations, and you can pay for your pur- chase 10 per cent down, the balance in 9 equal payments at the rate of 10 per cent per montli.
My eommlesion is one-eighth (l2>/6f/o), which covers every- thing.
■yvtre orders to-day at the market for any stocks that you ,may desire td buy in lots cf one share and upward.
Orders wHl receive instant exeo^tion, and vve will for- ward to you promptly a state^Tenl showing the exact ajnouui that you will have to pay each month upon your purchase
Forward 10 per cent of the current market price of tlie stock that you wish to buy with your order.
Slocks are purchased the minute your order is received; these orders are not bucketed, nor are you, liable for any mar- gin calls upon your account.
No matter should the market decline youwill.not be.called for margin.
You are only required to pay one-tenih of a stated arxiovmt each and every month.
Take advantage! of tills present opportunity and maka from 50 to 160 points profit in stocks during the coming year.
Wire all order* at our expense. Address for further de- tails
(& CO.r
4^-46 Broadway, New York. t«i.j>j>o»*j. } j^iiBro.d. BmndFi Office, 145 South Broad St., Philadelphia, Pa Best of Bank end Business References.
ANOTHER OF STONEHAM S FIRMS
When customers became hard to get for O. F. Jonasson & Company because the promised profits failed to come, Stone- ham started with this new company and caught some of his old customers over again with the new partial payment bait
Rice, masqueraded under other names earlier in his career and later came to the use of his own. A characteristic advertisement of Stoneham's is one that appeared in a Chicago paper a few years ago offering for $7,506 an annual income of $3,690, or nearly 50 per cent. Those who bit on this ''Offer Unparalleled" are still waiting for a good part of their promised income. Stone- ham now runs a paper of his own to attract cus- tomers. When he was capitalizing the Por- cupine mining boom, just as he and Rice and
Pirates of Promotion
31
others had capitahzed the Nevada booms, the Toronto Saturday Night, which for years has been persistent in its exposure of get-rich-quick schemes in Canada, told how his Toronto office was proven to be operating as a bucket-shop. A trap was laid by some of the men who had their money invested in legitimate mining in Porcupine and who objected to having their securities kicked up and down in the market by gamblers. A large order was given for a certain Porcupine stock to be carried on margin, and Charles A. Stoneham & Company's Toronto office reported the stock as bought. Later the stock declined and the client was called upon for more margin. Still later he ordered more of the issue and got the same notice that the additional shares had been purchased. Then he suddenly appeared and asked for delivery of his stock. He was told that it was in the New York office. After four days of insistent pressure he got his stock; 1 5,000 shares of it were borrowed from one Toronto house and 5,000 shares were delivered to him in the identical certificates that had just been bought from an- other Toronto broker who knew that the trap had been laid.
JOHN GRANT LYMAN's OPERATIONS
Dr. John Grant Lyman, the remaining member of this group of Rice's associates — the one for whom Rice promoted the Bullfrog Rush Mining Company at Goldfield, Nevada, the collapse of which hastened the downfall of the L. M. Sullivan Trust Company, behind which Rice was then hiding — came to New York, a fugitive from jus- tice from California, late in 19 16, and started operating under the partial payment plan as the best way of getting money from the public quickly. This slick doctor, who had once been a member of the New York Stock Exchange — until they found him out — is worthy to rank with Rice in his ability to operate the get-rich-quick game. He was for a time employed in Rice's New York office before he started out to rehabilitate his for- tune. In about two months he is said to have taken in nearly $300,000 on the partial payment plan. He took offices in the same building and un- der the very nose of the commercial investigating agency that serves the New York Stock Exchange. He advertised as John H. Putman & Company and had a mythical partner, "S. C. Harkness, son of a Standard Oil director," who was to get inside information concerning oil stocks. After about two months, Lyman decided it was time to move; he drew $53,000 in cash from his bank on February 9, 1916, and disappeared. The Post Office authorities found him, however, and arrested him on February 24th in Florida, as he was about to leave for South America. The
way they caught him would m.ake a good detec- tive story, if it could be told. Lyman was con- victed in the United States District Court and sent to the Atlanta penitentiary for eighteen months.
That sentence has been completed, and Lyman is now serving the last months of a fifteen months' sentence given him by the state courts of Cali- fornia for his Panama Development Company land frauds. Now that this term is about com- pleted, it is safe to say that he is scheming ways to get Liberty Bonds away from new investors.
FINANCIAL
FINANCIAL
BUY AM INCOME
Offer Unparalleled
FOR $1»351 $2,502 $3,753 $5,004 $6,255 $7,506
WE
Secure You
Annual Income
OF $ 615 $1,230 $1,845 $2,460 $3,075 $3,690
Payable In Monthly Payments
Larger or smaller amounts at proportionate cost.
Communicate with us immediately for full Jetail»»
CHARLES A. STONEHAM & GO,
178 West Jackson Blvd., CHICAGO, ILL.
NEW YORK
BOSTON
PROVIDENCE
DETROIT PHILADELPHIA SPRINGFIELD (MASS.)
WORCESTER
(BUFFALO
TORONTO
note: Our private teased wire system, reaching the prlnelijat ourb and ex* change markets of the country, assures our customers the bist of service.
STONEMAN HAS AMASSED MILLIONS
This adventurer is a graduate of the old Haight & Freese bucket-shop. He runs a paper of his own to attract custom- ers and has amassed a fortune of several million dollars
He has an international record as a promoter of fraudulent projects. The names of these many children of his fertile brain will be given in the list of fake promotions to be published with the last article of this series.
The difficulty and delay that many customers are having in getting possession of securities they buy is a good indication that the bucket-shop game is now being operated more generally than for many years past. For one thing, the growth of the partial payment plan in the sale of securities has fostered its revival.
As the partial payment plan of selling securities is carried on by many of those who are not bound by the rules of the New York Stock Exchange,
32
The World's Work
(
it gives ample latitude for bucketing the orders. The difference between the \va>- the pirates of promotiun operate the plan and the way New York Stock Exchange houses have to operate it. will be explained later.
Dr. L>man, in a confession to Post Office Inspector McQuillan during his trial, disclosed one of the principal tricks of the pirates of promo- tion in the partial payment game. Lyman said that if he had not lost his nerve and ran away, he would not have been caught. Mr. McQuillan replied: " ^'ou know well enough that you never could have made delivery of all those stocks to \'our customers when they had finished pacing for them." The Doctor turned to Mr. McQuillan with a smile and said, " I never would have had to make delivery. Those suckers would take m\' word for anything and do just as 1 told them. All 1 had to do was to organize the Standard Oil Company of Mexico, and tell them to transfer their holdings into the stock of that company and become as rich as the organiz- ers of the Standard Oil Company in this country."
SCHEMES FOR GETTING LIBERTY BONDS
If any one doubts that these pirates of pro- motion would dare start out after Liberty Bonds, there is plenty of evidence to convince him. They may suggest, as does the Ratner Securities Corporation: ''Send us your Sioo Liberty Bond — or as man\' more as possible. We will loan >'ou the full face value on these bonds, if they are used to purchase good, dividend securities under the Ratner plans. ... Do not waste the power of your Liberty Bond. If idle in a safe-deposit vault, it is non-creative. Give your bond the constructive element to which it is entitled. It will do its duty to 'Uncle Sam' twice and to you twice."
Now it might be all right for Liberty Bond holders to use their bonds as cash, or borrow on them, to buy other securities on the partial pay- ment plan, provided their sense of patriotism would permit them to do so. But would it b(^ right for them to trust their Liberty Bonds in the hands of a house unless they knew that it was of high standing? Would it be right to send them to the Ratner Securities Corporation, to borrow on them in order to purchase stocks on one of their five plans — under not one of which would the Liberty Bond owner get back at the time anything more than their receipt — without making any inquiry as to this new concern? Or should investors start sending money to E. M. Fuller &. Company for the purchase of securities on the "ten-payment plan," simply because they have seen the advertisement of this house in man\' newspapers and periodicals? Should thev
'AN ASSOCIATE OF CRl.MINALS
I he New York U^orld thus character- ized ¥.. M. Fuller, who is now selling se- curities on a ten-payment plan
not inquire as to Fuller's record before they, j start to buy something from him that the\- are not- going to get for nearly a J^^,.^ ^^^^^^T
in the Rat- ner Securities Corporatioii, we find there are two broth- ers— Jose B. and Abraham Z. Ratner. The\' came here from Mexico a n d according to report, cannot iio back there because of their opera- tions in con- nection with the Tampico News Company. When ex-President Huerta was arrested in Texas in January, 1916, Jose B. Ratner was arrested with him and indicted on the charge of be- ginning and setting on foot a military expedition within this country. Huerta died in prison; Ratner was released on bond, and the charge has never been pressed against him. This is probably all Liberty Bond holders want to know about the past record of this concern.
E. M. fuller's former RECORD
E. AL Fuller had a record as a get-rich-quick promoter before he started in the partial payment business. He sold such stocks as Victor Oil, which paid dividends at the rate of 24 per cent, a year while the stock was being offered, but now pays nothing; Crown Oil stock, which started out paying dividends in cash but now pays them in stock. Back in 191 2, Fuller sold stock in the Pulitzer Publishing Company to wealthy men by leading them to believe that the New York World family of Pulitzers was behind the proposition. James Howell Post, who accused Fuller of selling him the stock by misrepresenting it in this way and by saying that Mr. Post had been recom- mended to him by two other well-known men, brought suit to recover the $1,000 that he paid for it. The World, at the time, published Fuller's record as follows: "Has been arrested on at least two occasions, but never so far as known, convicted; an associate of criminals." This is the man who is now widely advertising to sell securities on the "ten-payment" plan.
The increased danger to Liberty Bond owners and investors generally from this influx of get-
Pirates of Promotion
33
rich-quick pirates into the partial payment field is evident when one studies the fundamental details of this business and compares the way in which it is operated by these pirates with the way in which it is conducted by houses which conform to the rules of the New York Stock Ex-
mission, however, from his customers to play the market with their money and their stocks, to insure his success at the get- rich-quick game. In that game it is the one who deals the cards who gets rich quick, and Cooke has a longer line of worthless securities to his credit than most
change regarding it. In the first place, it gives of the other pirates of promotion who are now the get-rich-quick pirate ten to twenty months' operating modern bucket-shops. We know of
leewa}' before the customer has any claim against him. It also gives him advantages in appealing to the public to buy securities under the plan. For instance, he can say, as Joseph M. Devere & Company did: "You are absolutely insured against the dreaded 'margin-call.' If the market
nine at least. The full list will be given later.
Members of the New York Stock Exchange, and a very few others outside of the Exchange, who must, or do, conduct the partial payment business in conformity with the rules of the Stock Exchange, can loan the securities which they have
declines a few points, it strikes terror to the heart purchased for the accounts of clients, and can
of the margin trader — but it means absolutely nothing to you. You are bu\'ing YOUR stock on a contract that protects you from all marginal loss, no matter how suddenh^ the price may decline." Under the rules of the New York Stock Ex-
put them up as collateral for loans — that is, they can borrow money on them. The Stock Exchange term is ''hypothecate." But they cannot "carry them in the market" nor can they "sell them without notice." And the greatest
change, members cannot guarantee any account crime on the New York Stock Exchange is to have
against margin calls. Neither can they guarantee any relations with a house that is bucketing orders
that the interest rate they will charge the cus- in Stock Exchange securities.
tomer on his unpaid balance shall not exceed 6 ,
per cent., for they cannot charge less than the ^ ""■ ^ugarman s appeal to bond owners
rate they themselves have to pay on their call The strongest appeal that these pirates, who are
loans. But experience shows that when consid- overrunning the partial payment field, make to
eration is restricted to the high grade of securities, Liberty Bond owners, was recently voiced in a
which are all that the reliable houses will sell in circular letter from J. D. Sugarman & Company
this way, these advantages are more magnified to an up-State New York farmer who had bought
by the get-rich-quick pirates than real. Liberty Bonds of each issue to the extent of his
The real difference between the partial payment ability. Sugarman wrote to this investor as plan as operated by houses of high standing and follows: "By using your bonds in this manner, those at the other end of the rating scale, is that you have not only fulfilled your obligation to the the latter can do practically anything they want Government in buying of the bonds and the with their customer's stock, assuming that they Government has the money, but you have also have not violated the bucket-shop law in the invested in such manner that your bonds, instead first place and failed to buy it. Customers of of earning 4I per cent, are earning more than Joseph M. Devere & Company, for instance; had four times this amount." The "investment to sign a contract which reserved the right to the combination" which he most urgently ad- broker to loan the stocks, to borrow money on vised this up-state farmer to buy on the par- them, or to "carry them in the market." If tial payment plan was made up of ten shares this last phrase did not mean that the broker of a New York Stock Exchange issue and 400 could sell the stocks if he wanted to (with a view shares of four Curb stocks. At their prices at to buying them back cheaper), it certainly meant the time and their dividend rates, he said they that he himself could buy and carry them on returned "in excess of 18 per cent, per annum." margin with some other house. And he further added: "There is not a shadow of
L. H. Cooke & Company were much franker doubt in my mind that every one of the stocks
than Devere in the contract they made their in this combination will show a market enhance-
cnstomers agree to. In simplified form [so that ment during the term of the contract." Already
the reader will not be lost in a maze of words, one of the companies has failed to pay a dividend
as they probably hoped their customers would which it had declared, because it has no funds
be] this contract reads: "All securities carried with which to pay it; and another has cut its
by us for a customer's account may be sold with- dividend in half. Sugarman may soon be selling
out notice, if we deem such sale necessary for our Liberty Bonds for the "account of" suckers
protection." Cooke hardly needed this per- who bit on this 18 per cent. bait.
(In the December World's IVork will he fold the story of the Pirates of Promotion in the Oil
Stock Flotation Game.)
WHAT THE Y. M. C. A. MEANS TO THE
AMERICAN SOLDIER
A Service That Provides the Army's Substitute for the Comforts of Home — A Powerful Upbuilder
Of Morale, Which is the Thing That ^^^
Makes Victorious Armies ▼
YMCA ^^^mmmmmm m hmmmmwmmmii^^^ ymca
BY
CLARENCE BUDINGTON KELLAND
[The following seven organisations are working together to create and maintain among our soldiers, sailors, and fnarines the high morale that is now ani^nating our men on all fighting fronts: The Young Mens Christian Association, the Young Women's Christian Association, the National Catholic IVar Council, the Jewish Welfare Board, the American Library Association, War Camp Community Service, and the Salvation Army. This article treats of the work of the Y.M.C.A., but it should be understood that all these agencies are working as a unit, with full cooperation, and helping each other to perform the duties which they have been called tipon by the Government of the United States to fulfil. — The Editors.]
FIVE hundred guns served by American so close to the front that one can see the German artillerymen had laid down a barrage fortifications from its back window. It is under for two hours upon a sector of German shell fire and gas attack constantly. No day trenches. Between midnight and passed without bursting shrapnel in its court- dawn a thousand American boys had yard. But it stays to serve the men; to give gone over the top, following their artillery prep- them a place to come and a friend to talk to. aration, in a trench raid that assumed almost In that advanced post no great stock of sup- the proportions of a battle. They returned with plies can be kept on hand. Only once or twice prisoners and captured machine guns, weary, a week can the camion crawl up the roads by night worn from loss of sleep and extraordinary exer- to bring out cakes, chocolate, canned peaches, tions, and stumbled into the courtyard of a bat- tobacco, and cigarettes. But it comes as often tered house in a village at the front. The merest as it can, and the men know it. They know, too, ray of light showed through a closely curtained that it is only a question of hours before the window. luxuries that mean so much to them will be in "They're doin' business," somebody said stock for them to buy. These small luxuries huskily, and the soldiers began to crowd in. They mean more than can possibly be realized by jammed a sizeable room that had once been the those who remain in America. They spell the salon of the residence. Now a counter of rough difference between content and discontent; they boards ran across it. In the remains of the splen- go far to create that intangible thing in an army did chandelier were a dozen candles; in the corner which the military authorities refer to as morale, was a piano. Behind the counter were two men A boy with a sergeant's chevrons on his sleeve in Y. M. C. A. uniforms, ladling out hot tea as summed the thing up the other day when he fast as hands could work. They had been up all said: "The Y. M. C. A. makes life in war night waiting for the boys to come back. In conditions endurable."
huge cans they had seventy-five gallons of steam- In another sector, where conditions make it
ing tea, and they were giving it away. impossible to carry on regular hut work, secre-
Boy after boy crowded up with his cup and taries have volunteered as stretcher bearers and
backed off again with that warming, stimulating hospital assistants. After an attack not many
drink. What it meant to them nobody can know days ago, a minister of a church in the Middle
who has not been in their place. It stirred their West stood in the dressing station as the boys
sluggish blood, brought the light back to their were brought in, his mouth fairly bristling with
tired eyes. Somebody went to the piano and cigarettes. He could not light them fast enough
began to play. A song commenced. one at a time, so he crammed five or six between
They were themselves again; morale restored, his lips, lighted them and passed them out to
That particular Y. M. C. A. Post Exchange is the wounded.
What the Y. M. C. A. Means to the American Soldier
35
" I never smoked before I came to France, and I don't smoke now," he said in the midst of that night's work. "But I'll say that was the best piece of practical ministry 1 have ever done."
That particular parson has been attached to a trench mortar company, and has travelled with them all over France, sleeping in box-cars, in barns, by the roadside, sharing whatever luck was theirs. He has become one of them.
PROVIDING CANDY BY THE TON
Down in another area where a large body of troops were collected, it "was impossible for the local organization of the Y. M. C. A. to get sup- plies. The soldiers, as soldiers will, were demand- ing smokes and minor luxuries. Their officers came to the Red Triangle to see what could be done about it.
" Is there no way to get candy for our boys?'* a major asked.
"We'll see what can be done," said the Divi- sional Secretary, and he went out to see. He dis- covered a candy factory that had been shut down because of the war. That was a start. But without sugar and chocolate he could not make candy. He looked into the matter of chocolate first. In town was a chocolate manufacturer but his product was exhausted as soon as it was manufactured. He could supply none.
" I bought a machine months ago to increase my output, but it weighs six hundred pounds and the railroad will not deliver it. It is the
war
I "
" If you'll agree to manufacture for me two tons of chocolate a month, I'll get your machine for you," promised the Secretary, and it was agreed. That night the Y. M. C. A. sent a camionette to the point a hundred miles away where the machine was located and next noon it was set down at the manufacturer's door. So the chocolate was provided.
Next came sugar. The Secretary went to the Army Commissaries and said to them: "If you will give me sugar, I will turn back to you double the weight in chocolate creams." The Army Commissaries agreed — and now in that section nearly four tons of chocolate candy are supplied to the soldiers by the Y. M. C. A. every month.
A hospital supply train pulled into a certain town. The officer in charge hurried to the local Y. M. C. A. with his troubles.
"We fellows can't get anything. We're shot all over France and never stop long enough to lay in a stock. Isn't there some way you can help us out?"
"There sure is. You make this town every little while. Wire us the minute you will arrive and what you will want. We will have our truck
on the spot to deliver it to you at any time of the day or night."
The result was that the " Y" established a sort of Post Exchange on that train, and the boys aboard were kept as well supplied with luxuries as if they had been in cantonments.
Y. M. C. A. HUTS — A SUBSTITUTE FOR HOME
The business of providing a substitute for home to an Army numbering hundreds of thousands of men is one of the duties of the Y. M. C. A. It requires not only vast material supplies and re- sources, but an enormous quantity of that intang- ible but indispensable thing called tact.
Already the Association has established more than six hundred huts and is building more as rapidly as materials can be had and as men arrive from the United States to man them. These huts are the centres of the Army's social life. As many comforts are provided as war con- ditions will permit. Always there are chairs, a piano, a phonograph. There is no hut without its writing room and its supply of paper and envel- opes to which the boys are invited to help them- selves with the utmost freedom.
During the coming year 7,000,000 to 10,000,000 sheets of paper and 3,500,000 to 5,000,000 envel- opes will be distributed to the soldiers. One order was recently placed for 50,000,000 envelopes and 180 tons of writing paper which runs 250,000 sheets to the ton. Ours is the greatest letter- writing Army in the world.
In the huts, entertainments are given one, two, or even three nights a week. These are of all sorts and descriptions. A couple of nights each week the auditorium is turned over to the men to put on shows of their own. The men take no end of interest in their own perfor- mances, and turn out an astonishing quantity and variety of talent.
THE ARMY POST EXCHANGES
In every hut will be found a Post Exchange at which the soldier may buy for himself luxuries not issued by the Commissary. The entire task of operating Army Post Exchanges has been imposed on the Y. M. C. A. by the Army. This means that the old canteen has gone out of busi- ness and that the Y. M. C. A. has been compelled to borrow millions of dollars to go into the retail grocery business. The Post Exchanges carry stocks of canned fruit, cookies, candies, choco- late, cigarettes, tobacco, and other delicacies as they can be obtained.
As one moves nearer to the front, the huge wooden huts give place to big, dingy, khaki tents. In these the work of the regulation hut is duplicated so far as it is possible. But when
36
The World's Work
one arrives at the front itself, there is neither tent nor hut— but there is a ^ . M. C. A. ^'ou cannot get so far forward that >'ou will not find at least a V. M. C. A. secretary. Perhaps he will have no stock to sell. But he will have himself, and he will give of that with the utmost freedom. He is there just to be friends— and to do what- ever job comes to hand.
The m.ost advanced Post Exchanges are in dugouts or in old cellars. Many of these are constantly under shell fire and their nights are made uncomfortable by gas attacks. But they stick and do business. As this article is being written a telephone message has come over the wire from the area where a great part of our Amer- ican forces are stationed. It says that one secretar\' was hit }esterda\" by a shell at the door of his dugout, his leg shattered; another secre- tary was struck by shrapnel and his arm and leg broken. They stuck by their posts during a furious bombardment, making coffee for the men and serving it as they could gain a moment to run past the place to obtain it.
Two other secretaries in the same sector were driven out of their tent by shell fire and gas. They had stayed, wearing their sas masks through the attack, until a shell struck the tent, over- turned the stove and set the whole place on fire. It was night. The fire was clearly visible to the Germans, and they made it their target. Even then they did not leave, but took to the fields with what supplies they could rescue and con- tinued to do what they could. This is an isolated instance, but it is but one of hundreds. This sort of fearless service is what the Y. M. C. A. means to the American soldier.
In a certain famous division the Army officers came to the Divisional Secretary and asked him if he could not take up the work in the hospitals and dressing stations.
"We've got to have you there,'' said a major. "We find that there is nothing which does a wounded man so much good when he is carried in, as a smoke and a bite to eat. We can't give it to them. Can you? It means saving life!"
" If you want us, we'll be there," said the sec- retary, and within twenty minutes men were started for the front with supplies — and courage.
"A cup of coffee cooked by a Y. M. C. A. secretary saved our Colonel's life," a physician- lieutenant told the writer. "It gave him the necessary kick at the start, and gave us some- thing to work on. When I came to France I had no use for the Y. M. C. A. I have seen you working in this dressing station for fourteen days, and I can't say enough. You are delivering the goods."
In a first-aid station in the trenches one "Y"
man spent two w^eeks without removing his clothes. He acted as stretcher bearer, w^earing the Army Red Cross on his sleeve. Da\' and night he stuck with the boys and they came to love him. It was not material things alone that he was able to give them, nor was it to the slightly wounded that his services were most pre- cious. More than one boy he sat with until the end — in manlv fashion. Men who saw him told the writer that he made easier and more gentle the departure of man\' a boy dying far from home and friends.
In this sector a body of troops, six hundred strong, had marched for miles to replace a unit in the trenches. They were worn, dirty, and weary. An empt)' "Y" truck came past and saw them.
"Just in?" the driver asked.
"Going up for replacement. Camp here to- night."
"Got any smokes or eats?'*
"Not a scrap."
"Sit tight," said the secretary', and, though he had been working eighteen hours that day, he drove his camionette into town, twenty-eight miles awa\^ and returned before dawn with enough supplies to give chocolate and cigarettes to every man in that unit. There was a note in the cheer with which those men greeted that returning camionette that was ample reward for the effort.
SERVICES PERFORMED BY THE SECRETARIES
The \ . M. C. A. has come to mean such a variety of things to the American soldier that it is impossible to define its functions. It oper- ates hotels in the principal cities of France where excellent accommodations can be had by officers and men at a minimum cost; it operates in dis- trict centres excellent clubs, one in each town for men, one for officers. It cares for the officers just as it cares for the men. It is there to do what it is asked, and the things it is asked to do b\' officers and men are various and astonishing.
Only last night a )'oung officer, evidently of wealth, stopped a Y. M. C. A. man and demand- ed that the secretary rush out to hire for him a grand piano to put in his apartment. The sec- rectary droppe'cl his personal concerns and went out and did the thing. Soldiers ask their way in Paris; they come to you to tell their troubles, or to get you to write their letters. Last week, in a cathedral town near the front, thirty young Americans, members of the Roman Catholic faith, came to the Y. M. C. A. secretary. They told him they were on their way into the trenches and very greatly desired the ministrations of their church before thev went. But thev could not
What the Y. M. C. A. Means to the American Soldier
37
speak French. He went with the thirty to the cathedral, acted as interpreter while they made their confessions, and returned to his job jf run- ning a Post Exchange, proud that he had been able to serve these boys of a sister religion.
Soldiers ask Y. M C. A. men to help compose letters to sweethearts at home; they ask them to select presents for wife or mother or best girl; they ask to be taught French; they ask to be personally guided to destinations in Paris. The Y. AL C. A. was requested to convey a casket to the very front and to see to the burial of the son of a prominent Western famil>'. Recently, in a company which believed it was bad luck to touch a dead German, tw^o Y. M. C. A. secretaries acted as the undertakers, grave diggers, and then read the burial service!
A few nights ago it was my good fortune to be at the front with our troops. In that sector the Y. M. C. A. sends a camionette from regiment to regiment of an entire division every day delivering papers — Paris editions of American newspapers. The little automobile is piled high with them at the start,, but it comes back empty. If it were not for this, these men would have no contact with the outside world; with this service they are kept as well informed as are the inhabitants of Paris. It is difficult to appreciate what this means until you are out there, cut off from all communica- tion with the w^orld — except over the slender thread of the Y. M. C. A.
I rode up on this newspaper camionette and spent the night with a certain famous regiment. It was a hot corner, but three Y. M. C. A. men were there. Two lived in dugouts far down toward the very advanced posts, one slept on a pile of hay in the upper story of an old barn. 1 walked down through the woods gingerly, for Fritz was beginning to send over his daily hate of high explosives. Down in a growing hole I saw three men with shovels, working busily. Two were soldiers, the third was a Y. M. C. A. secretary.
"Why the cellar?" I asked him.
"The Boche broke up housekeeping for me last night," he said. " I'm trying to get this place finished up for to-night, and I want to make it big enough, so that when the boys come in to visit me there'll be room for at least two inside. Most of these dugouts here accommodate one — tightly."
He had his Red Triangle sign tacked to a tree, and on a soap box were half a dozen cakes of choc- olate, a few biscuits, a little pile of cigarettes — a pitiful little stock for a Post Exchange, but the best he had to offer, and the best he would have to offer until a truck could make its way up at night with a fresh consignment. But he
was sticking to the job. He was living with the men and being one of them, and they were for him.
1 learned that a shell had demolished his dugout the night before, while he was absent, fortunately for him. But it had killed three men in the shel- ter adjoining. The Y. M. C. A. man was the first to reach the unfortunates and to do what he could for them in their last moments.
1 believe, of all the variety of things that the Y. M. C. A. means to the American Army, the sympathetic comradeship it gives means most.
Here is a letter from a major in a certain dis- tinguished unit:
Dhar Mr. Carter :-
This organization is about to change its station for a more extended field of usefulness, operating on a much larger scale than heretofore, and we are very anxious indeed, if it can be arranged, to have your most
excellent representative, Mr. • --, accompany us.
This, I am in position to assure )'ou, will be agreeable to Mr. -.
There is, perhaps, nothing I can say regarding the wonderful work of your organization over here, or
in praise of Mr. , which 30U do not know.
But I do not think.it possible to say too much regard- ing the value of the Y. M. C. A. and the great work it is doing in inspiriting and aiding in so many ways the lads who are far from home.
But this much 1 do want to sa}': that the Y. M. C. A. opened here at a most opportune time when we had
no outside diversions, and that Mr. has won
liis way into our hearts so thorough!)' that he is always assured of a large audience for the beneficial talks and services which he gives us. The congenial surround- ings which the Y. M. C A. affords, the facilities and inducements to write home, the intermingling of the difierent units which the Y. M. C. A. assures, the opportunity to spend money for little comforts and luxuries, are all most beneficial agencies, and I should be distressed if }ou find the exigencies of the service such as to make it impossible to continue this aid and assistance to the Marines.
This letter speaks clearly of what the Y. M. C. A. means to the American soldier, particularly with reference to what the individual secretary may come to mean. There are scores of men in
the same position as Mr. , men whose
presence with the unit of our Army has not only been requested but demanded.
Another service which the Y. M. C. A. per- forms is furnishing an easy means for the soldier to send money home to his family. All the sol- dier is required to do is to turn over what cash he can spare to any Y. M. C, A, secretary he meets, with his family's address.
The funds will be forwarded promptly and safely. I met a secretary who lives in a dugout under constant artillery fire and gas attack who
38 The World's Work
told me that from his small unit alone he sent in the huts, not daily, but as they are held at home
home to America every pay day an average of in America — on Wednesday and on Sunday,
twenty thousand francs. It has been found that the boys, or a good per- centage of them, really demand a certain amount
RELIGIOUS WORK OF THE ASSOCIATION ^^ rdigious exercises. In a certain area I found
The religious work of the Association has been men complaining because they had no oppor-
left for fmal discussion. The world understands tunity 'to attend religious services. This was not
the Y . M. C. A. to be a quasi-religious organiza- the fault of the Association. Such services are
tion. This means one thing in the United well attended by courteous boys, who are there
States and another in France under war condi- because they want to be there and not because
tions. They are fme methods, broad methods, they have been captured and dragged there,
effective methods. As the Association moves up to the front, the
First, let it be clearly understood that the religious service as a set exercise disappears. This
mission of the Y. iM. C. A. in France is not to save is because there are no facilities directly before
the A. E. F. from destroying its soul by plunging one reaches the front. At the front itself no
into vices and iniquities. Occasionally a zealous religious services are permitted by the Army
secretary leaves the United States with this mis- because no considerable group of soldiers is al-
taken idea, believing that his mission is to work lowed to gather. This is a measure of safety,
among men who have abandoned their virtues If men are scattered, casualties decrease. If
on the docks in America. Nothing could be men gather in bodies, one shell may kill or maim
more harmful to the work of the Association here a score or a hundred. Therefore, religious work
than this idea. The Army resents it bitterly in advanced positions is a matter of individual
because the idea upon which it is based is so effort, exerted, not on groups but on individuals,
wholly false. This is the most difficult form of religious work.
Our Army here is not depraved. Nor is it It is hard to buttonhole a diffident boy and given to vice and depravity and drunkenness, talk religion to him. He is shy and reticent; he Never in the history of the world has such a shrinks from baring his soul to the casual on- clean, manly, upstanding body of men been as- looker. To make a success of this sort of work sembled as the American Expeditionary Force the secretary must first establish his position in France. This statement rests not upon obser- with the men, and the only way he can do that is vation alone, but on statistics. I have been in by serving them, by showing them that he is France several months, travelling from centre to giving them all he has to give. If you could see centre, at the front, in the reserve positions, at the work of the Association in the area where the rear and in the service or supplies area. I shells are falling, you would come to realize that have Hved with the men, messed with them, slept the thing we call Christianity can be ''put over," in their billets with them, under the same pair of in the words of the soldier, more efficiently by blankets. In that time I have not seen one Ameri- service than by sermon.
can soldier in a state of noticeable intoxication. But, when a secretary has found his place in
There have been cases of intoxication, but they the hearts of his soldiers, they come to him of
are so rare as to be negligible. The Army has their own accord. I have seen it hundreds of
not suddenly gone over to total abstinence, but times. I have seen boys take their Y. M. C. A.
it has gone over to temperance. pal off to one side to talk over the problems of
Now, then, knowing this, and realizing the their soul with him. A secretary has this exper-
quality and temper of our Army, it will be readily ience almost daily. It is not spectacular religious
seen that the men have reason to be proud of work, but it is effective, honest, appreciated,
their conduct, and are proud of it. They speak religious work. It means a great deal to the
of it with pride. We have no goody-goody Army, soldiers to know that there is a man on the job
We have a goodly sprinkling of tough citizens with him whom he can go to with any thought
for which let us be thankful. We have hun- in his heart. There are many secretaries who
dreds of thousands of boys who already have have earned this proud position,
earned the descriptive epithet of "hard boiled." All this is what the Y. M. C. A. means to the
There is nothing wishy-washy in the outfit. But American soldier. It means more than this,
it is here for business. It is here to kill Germans but the rest is so intangible as to baffle descrip-
and win the war, and it is vastly proud of itself, tion. To put the thing shortly, the Y. M. C. A.
Now, then, as to purely religious work by the has come to mean so much to the soldiers that
Y. M. C. A. It varies in character as the troops they have grown into an attitude of dependence
travel from S. O. S. to front line trench. Back in upon the Association. It means so much that
centra! France regular religious services are held it would be a calamity to remove it.
PRUSSIANISM IN POLAND
An F.xample of Germany's Methods in Prussian Poland, as a Foretaste of Her Contemplated
Hxploitation of the Whole Country — Her Solemn Promise of Good Treatment —
Her Ruthless Oppression and Wretched Failure — "A Humane Policy
Would Have Made the Poles Lxyal Subjects"
BY
CHARLES DOWNER HAZEN
A WORLD threatened with German domination has no excuse for ignor- ance as to what German domination implies. Its nature, its processes, its frightful cost have been demonstrated on a sufficient scale and history tells the melan- choly and forbidding story. We are accustomed to say that this is a war of peoples, not a war of governments, nor even of soldiers. But, pre- ceding the war of peoples, there was a martyrdom of peoples within the confines of the German Empire which should have served as an object les- son, a vivid warning far and wide, casting its shadow before. Germany has already made clear her intention to add to her collection of subject peoples as a result of her present adventure. What that would mean to those selected for that doom will be apparent, if we review the treatment she had already meted out to those held in subjec- tion in the period preceding the war. Three million Poles, two million Alsatians and Lor- rainers, and two hundred thousand Danes are in a position to testify on this point. When I speak of Germany 1 mean Prussia, which has the destin- ies of Germany in hand and will mould her future as she has imperiousl}^ dominated her immediate past. Racial oppression has long been a Prussian specialty.
Poland, a nation long ago completely erased from the map, a non-existent nation, has pre- occupied the world far more since it disappeared than ever it did while living, and preoccupies it now with singular and pressing insistence, as the repeated utterances of Russia, Austria, Germany, England, France, and America during the last three years abundantly show. Poland, tightly bound in the cerements wrapped around her by the assassins of the eighteenth century, is one of the miracles of history, likely to reappear in our own day, in what form it is impossible to say.
In the Middle Ages, Poland was a more powerful state than Russia, and included territory which stretched from the Baltic to the Black Sea and from the Oder to the Dnieper. It remained an independent state down to the last quarter of the
eighteenth century. During that quarter its independence was destroyed and its territory seized by its three neighbors, Russia, Prussia, and Austria. By the famous, or rather infamous, partitions in 1772, 1793, and 1795, nothing was left of Poland on the map.
Independent Poland ceased to exist, but the partitions of Poland continued. Independent Poland- had been larger than the present German Empire by a fourth. Its population was thir- teen millions. In the division accomplished by the three powers, Russia annexed about two hundred thousand square miles with seven million inhabitants, Prussia and Austria each about three millions. With the advent of Napoleon a new partition was effected. After his defeat of Prussia, at Jena, in 1806, Napoleon compelled Prussia to give up her Polish acquisitions. These he erected into a new state, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. Three years later, having defeated Austria, he added to the Grand Duchy the Austrian Polish acquisitions. Russia remained unmolested in the possession of her part of the boot}^ as she was at the time the ally of Napoleon. After the fall of Napoleon a still further parti- tion, the fifth, was made. At the Congress of Vienna, one of the most important questions was the disposition of the Grand Duchy. Russia desired it all, and, had she secured it, Poland v/ould at least have been reunited once more, under Russian servitude. But Russia secured only a part, although the larger part, and that at the expense chiefly of Prussia. Austria re- covered most of her share of the three partitions; Prussia a part only of hers, Russia taking the rest. A small region was given independence and erect- ed into the so-called Republic of Cracow. Thus there were fourPolands, Russian Poland, compris- ing about two hundred and twenty thousand square miles, Austrian Poland, comprising about thirty thousand square miles, Prussian Poland, comprising about twenty thousand square miles and the Republic of Cracow, whose independ- ence was really illusory, being under the control of the three partitioning Powers. Thirty years
40
The World's Work
Liter the Repubhc was aboHshed, being incor- porated in Austria. With this single change the map of former Poland remained, as drawn in 1815, down to the present war. The number of Poles greatly increased during the nineteenth century and amounted in 191 4 to more chan t\\ent\-one millions. Of the twenty-one mil- lions, Russia ruled more than sixty per cent., while Austria and Prussia had not more than twenty per cent. each.
The Allies have repeatedly declared that the future of Poland is a matter of world concern, to be determined by the world. Count Hertling has replied that it is a matter that concerns Germany and Austria, and will be determined by them, adding with superfluous hypocrisy "in con- sultation with the Polish people." At a time when the Hohenzollerns and the Hapsburgs, eliminating the Romanoffs and the Russians, are resolved to handle this matter alone, it is well for the world to inquire into the record which they have already made in handling their* shares of it during the past hundred years.
in 181 5, the number of Poles in Prussia was about three millions. They were located in her eastern provinces, in Posen, in West and East Prussia, and in Silesia.
Prussia's written promise to the poles
In summarizing the history of Prussian Poland, it may be said that there have been variations of policy but that in general there has been a steadily increasing severity of treatment.
This treatment, the Poles have always main- tained, has not merely been unjust and hostile, but has also been in direct violation of promises given by the Prussian Government. On May 3, 1815, the three partitioning powers signed a treaty, which was later incorporated in the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna. Indeed, the very first article of that Act contains the following promise to the Poles: *'The Poles, who are respective subjects of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, shall obtain a representation and national institutions, regulated according to the degree of political consideration that each of the govern- ments to which they belong shall judge expedient and proper to grant them.''
On May 15, 181 5, the King of Prussia issued a proclamation to the Poles in which he said: ''You are reincorporated in my monarchy and you have no need to renounce your nationality. You will enjoy the advantages of the constitution which I propose to grant to my faithful subjects, and, like the other provinces of my realm, you will be granted a provincial constitution. Your religion will be respected and its priests will receive a grant according to their position. Your personal
rights and your propert\' will be placed under the protection of the law, and for the future }'ou will have z voice in the making of the laws that pro- tect \T)U. Your language will be equally honored with the German tongue at all public functions. You will be eligible for any public office in the Grand Duchy, according to }'our powers and capacities."
F^)r the first few \ears after 181 5 the Treatment of the Poles conformed approximately to the spirit of this ro\'al utterance. While the King did not grant a constitution to Posen, or, for that matter, to an\' of the other provinces of Prussia, he did allow the Poles a large share in their own government. A great Polish magnate. Prince Anthony Radziwill, was made vicero}- and local administration was left largel\' in the hands of the Polish nobles. 1 he serfs were emancipated, as they had been in Prussia by the reforms of Stein. The Polish language was allo\\ed in the schools, in administrative offices and in the courts. Official positions were open to Poles on the same terms as to Germans.
In 1830, an insurrection of Poles occurred in Russian Poland. There was no rising in Prussian Poland, yet 12,000 Prussian Poles crossed the frontier to take part in the fight for national independence. This fact caused a revulsion of feeling in the governing circles of Prussia and led to a partial abandonment of the polic\' of rela- tive conciliation. The viceroyalt\' was abolished . as tending to maintain in the minds of the Poles a feeling of separate nationality. Posen was completely incorporated in Prussia. The natural and historic leaders of the Poles, the nobles and the clergy, were officially denounced as the "sworn enemies of Prussia." German was made the only official language.
After the revolutions of 1848, which inspired panic in all conservative bosoms, the reaction became more pronounced. The Government declared illegal the Polish League, an organiza- tion founded in 1848 for the protection of national freedom, the promotion of national education, and the improvement of the material conditions of the Poles. But the Poles could not and did not forget their past. They were proud of their history and passionately longed to renew its course, so wantonly interrupted. The agitation for the preservation of their national inheritance, suppressed in one form, was inevitabl\' resumed in another. Its particular seat was Russian Poland. There the nationalist Polish agitation gathered volume and intensity with the passing years, culminating finally in the famous and futile insurrection of 1863.
That insurrection was a turning point in Polish history, momentous in its consequences for the
Prussianism in Poland
41
Prussian Poles, who had no part in it, as it was for the Russian Poles. It was a turning point, for one reason,- because there was now at the head of the Prussian ministry a new man of de- cided views, of exceptional will power, and of great audacity and resourcefulness in action, Otto von Bismarck. The Polish people has never had a more unqualified, a bitterer enemy than Bismarck. His hostility appears to have been bred in the bone; at least it was clearly man- ifested when he made his first utterances on politics, amid the turmoil of 1848. Among Liberals of that time, and particularly in the Parliament of Frankfort, there was much sym- pathy for the Poles and Liberal public opinion even contemplated the policy of the restoration of Poland. But Bismarck emphatically did not share these views, nor was he disposed to dally with Liberalism in any form. He poured out the full vials of his contempt upon reforms and re- formers, not only upon Frankfort Parliament, which was aiming at the unification of Germany, but upon liberal and democratic principles everywhere. On the 20th of April, 1848, Bis- marck wrote to the Magdeburg Gazette as fol- lows: "How could a German so far lose himself through hysterical sentimentality and the love of impracticable theories as to cherish the ex- travagant dream of settling in the near vicinity of his own country, a tireless foe, whose internal tumults always eventuate in open war, and who will attack us on the flank each time we have a difficulty in the West ? " And, he added : " I look upon our present policy in Posen as the most regrettable example of quixotic behavior which a state ever indulged in for its own ruin."
With the advent of Bismarck upon the scene the policy of Prussia was at once changed in accordance with his sentiments.
Bismarck first attacked the Polish language. With the assent of the Reichstag he promulgated a law on the i ith of March, 1872, which repealed a previous law, and substituted German for Polish in the Polish schools. The Polish lan- guage might only be taught as an optional sub- ject and very limited space was given to it even as such. This first step was followed by a long series of repressive measures. The use of Polish in elementary schools was not only forbidden in Posen, but also in Silesia and West Prussia. To prevent any Polish influences from infecting the schools, a law was passed in July, 1886, providing that the appointment of all teachers should be in the hands of the central government and on the 7th of November, 1887, Polish was even sup- pressed as an optional subject.
Attempts were made, too, to prevent the use of the Polish language in public meetings, the only
language understood by the people who attended them. The reason given was that the use of an alien tongue rendered police supervision im- possible, as if Polish were an alien tongue in the land where it had been spoken for a thousand years and more, and as if there must necessarily be police supervision of public meetings. Evi- dently there must be in Prussia. These attempts were not successful as even the sepvile Prussian courts proved an obstacle in the path of this particular outrage.
POLES ORDERED OUT OF PRUSSIA
Meanwhile, the number of Poles resident in Prussia was increasing. The Polish birth-rate was higher than the German birth-rate; moreover, the development of German economic life attract- ed considerable numbers of Poles from Russia. The Slavs were gaining relatively. Was the rising Slavic tide to be permitted to eat deeper and deeper into Germany? As Bismarck's pur- pose was to Germanize the Slavs it is easy to see that he would not tolerate the Slavizing of Ger- mans, if he could prevent it. This danger of encroachment by the hated Poles on the domain of German culture prompted Bismarck to carry through more drastic measures still. In two ways, he thought, the gaining by the Polish stock on the German stock in numbers could be parried and defeated. One way was to expel large numbers of Poles from the provinces; another was to settle large numbers of Germans in them. In 1885, a law was passed under which 30,000 Slav immigrants were summarily expelled from Prus- sia, all the Poles in fact who were unnaturalized. No quarter was given to even old men, women, or children. People who had lived for years on German territory received the same treatment as those who had recently settled. Thus was car- ried out the idea of the German authorities that it was wrong for the Kingdom to have upon the soil of Prussian Poland any Poles who were not Prussian subjects. Forty-eight hours' notice was considered sufficient.
Next, the Government discovered that it would be advantageous for Prussia to give new German names to more Polish towns and villages. Thus about two hundred of these were rebaptized, another noble triumph.
But in the work of Germanizing the Poles these were only trivial measures of detail. The great object could only be achieved by action commensurably great. To accomplish this re- sult Bismarck suggested the colonization of the Polish provinces by men and women of purely German birth.
On the 28th of January, 1886, Bismarck in- augurated his new policy with the following
4 2 The World's Work
words: "The question is asked whether Prussia, the right to sell their land, proceeded in many in her own interest and in that of the Empire, cases to profit at the expense of a paternal govern- will not be obliged by circumstances to disburse ment. The Commission, in one of its reports, 100,000,000 marks to acquire the possessions complained of this and denounced those Germans of the Polish nobles, or, to speak plainly, in who offered their lands to it at exorbitant prices, order to expropriate that same nobility. This threatening, if the offer were not accepted, to sell appears a monstrous proposition, but when it is them to the Poles. Thus, while the German remembered that we expropriate for a railway, Governrnent was buying land from the Poles, or to construct a fort, or to make a new street, in order to settle German peasants on it, Poles or to make a port, or to reconstruct Hamburg, were buying land from German owners in order why should not a state be also entitled to ex- to divide it up among Polish peasants, propriate in certain circumstances to guarantee In spite of the large subventions made by the the public peace and to secure tranquility in the state, the work of colonizing the Polish lands future? Is not public peace more than com- proceeded very slowly. During the twenty merce? Is it not more important even than the years from 1886 to 1906, only 12,000 German fortification of a single town? There is no in- families were settled in accordance with the in- justice because we pay compensation, and these tentions of the law. As for these new German dispossessed gentlemen may be very happy to settlers they found life intolerable amid a popula- buy land in Galicia, or on the Russian side of the tion which rigorously boycotted them. For the border with the money they receive.'* opposition of the Poles to this policy of Germani- Parliament approved the project, and a Com- zation was lively and determined. Any Pole mission on Colonization was appointed with a who sold his land to a German was regarded as a subvention of 100,000,000 marks. This Com- traitor and was unhesitatingly ostracized by his mission was to buy land from the Poles and the fellows. iMany of the new settlers also found lands thus acquired were to be sold only to that if they were to thrive they must become as Germans and on condition that they were not Polish as their neighbors, to be resold to Poles. In succeeding years large
J ,v- 1 4- A f ^u- / POLES FORBIDDEN TO BUILD HOUSES
additional grants were made tor this purpose.
The Poles fought this policy as best they could. In order to counteract the Poles and to diminish
They organized societies and founded banks their inclination to buy land, the Prussian Parli-
whose purpose was to buy up whatever land ament passed a law in August, 1904, forbidding
came into the market, and sell it to Poles, thus the erection of buildings in Posen without the
preventing the Commission from getting hold of permission of the Commission. This meant in
it and selling it to Germans. The Prussian practice, and was intended to mean, that if a
Government and the Poles thus became com- German bought land from a Pole, he could have
petitors for real estate. This competition sent the permission; that if a Pole bought it, he could
prices soaring. As soon as it was known that not. As few people care to buy land on which
the Government wished to purchase a given estate, they cannot build, the Poles, it was thought, would
its rival offered more and the two would keep on lose their passion for buying real estate. Not
outbidding each other until finally a sale was only could Poles not build on land newly acquired,
concluded. Land which in 1886, had brought but they could not build further on land already
600 marks brought 1500 in 1907, in consequence possessed. Not even could old buildings be
of this competition. As a matter of fact this repaired or chimneys renewed. Such was the
rivalry steadily put money in the pockets of the law. Poles, with which to carry on the economic war. The Government, pursuing a political purpose,
was willing to buy poor land if it could not get The greater the injustice, the stronger grew the
good. For this it generally paid high prices, ardor of the Poles to defeat it. The poor Polish
Two consequences followed. The Poles either peasant, with no government behind him, held his
used the money for the purchase of better farms own with the German peasant immigrant, sup-
or invested it in small businesses in towns, thus ported and aided financially by the powerful
increasing the number of Polish middle classes, government of Prussia. In fact, despite the
This resulted in forcing many of the Germans out artificial immigration, the Poles were gaining in
of these small business positions. numbers over the German element of the popu-
German owners of Polish land, not those lation. They were more prolific than the Ger-
acquiring possession under this law, but those mans; they were more tenacious of their nation-
who had had possession long before the Com- ality, were much less easily denationalized. They
mission was established, and who, therefore, had absorbed a considerable number of the intruders.
GERMANS ASHAMED OF GERMANY
Prussianism in Poland
43
gradually making them over into Poles. The German settler often married a Polish wife and, whether he himself remained German or not, his children became Poles. Frequently, he himself succumbed to the silent, pervasive, powerful influences about him. In order to prosper or to know peace and contentment, many Germans Polonized their names and tried to forget and make others forget that they were Germans.
This policy of expropriation by voluntary pur- chase, effected through the limitless financial resources of the state, after being in operation for twenty years, from 1886 to 1906, was admit- ted by the Prussian authorities to be a failure. It had not achieved the end aimed at. Despite it, the Poles were gaining over the Germans. The only thing accomplished by this series of measures had been the great embitterment of the native population, an intensification of racial rivalry and hatred. What did Prussia propose to do?
In 1906, Prince von Bulow was head of the Prussian Ministry and Chancellor of the German Empire. The brilliancy and originality of his statesmanship were shown in the policy he recom- mended and carried through. Admitting the failure of the methods thus far followed, he advised more of the same thing, or rather a further de- velopment of the process of expropriation.
On the 20th of March, 1908, in spite of the pas- sionate protestations from the Poles, a law was passed making it possible for the Commission of Colonization to expropriate Poles from their lands and the money placed at the disposal of the Commission for this purpose was increased by 250,000,000 marks.
This law ran right counter to Articles IV and IX of the Prussian Constitution. Article IV, in terms of which '' all Prussians are equal before the law" was then explained away as meaning that "every Prussian of any rank and class, must render obedience to the law" — in other words must be equal in servitude. Article IX declared that property is inviolable and cannot be expro- priated unless public necessity — and then only in a very urgent case — strictly requires it. In this case the Prussian administration evidently con- sidered that public necessity was really in ques- tion, and that — to use the official language — "the resettlement of the German element on the marches of the east is a question of life and death for the Prussian State."
BULOW ADMITS FAILURE; ADVISES MORE FORCE
Several years later, in 19 14, Prince von Billow admitted that even this aggravated policy of his had failed, and he advocated the same genial remedy as before, namely, more of the same
thing. Steady pressure, unflinchingly applied for many years, would, he said, ultimately achieve the end. Prince von Billow is a proud and complacent victim of a prevalent Prussian dis- ease, Polonophobia.
Such is, in meagre outline, the history of_ Prussia's oppression of her Polish provinces, an oppression that has, since 1872, grown steadily more severe, and that has been a callous offense to the decently humane opinions of mankind. An oppression of many aspects, two features of the odious system are particularly outstanding: the attack upon the Poles' right to their own land, and the attack upon their right to their own language, the purpose of those restrictions being the ultimate extinction of the language and the universal and exclusive use of German.
100,000 CHILDREN GO ON STRIKE
The appropriate climax in the war upon the Polish language was reached in the first decade of the twentieth century. As early as 1872 the process of expelling Polish from Polish schools had begun, as we have seen. A series of measures passed in subsequent years extended the prohibition now to this, now to that grade of instruction. In 1887, Polish was even suppressed as an optional sub- ject. In one branch of the school work, however, the use of Polish was still permitted, namely, in the religious instruction in the elementary schools. In other words little children were allowed to repeat their catechism and to say their prayers in their mother tongue. In the year 1900 the last finishing touch was put upon this series of repressive laws and ordinances. The children of Posen were henceforth required to repeat the catechism and to say their prayers in German, al- though they knew the language only slightly, if at all. Constant and increasing irritation was the result, mounting with the passing years, the Polish clergy taking a leading part against re- quiring the little ones to learn, as they expressed it, "the sacred religion in the hateful German language." This agitation reached its full frui- tion in the fall of 1906 when some 100,000 chil- dren went on strike, refusing to perform their acts of devotion in a foreign tongue. The affair created an immense sensation in Germany and beyond. "The tone of the Polish press and clergy," says a particularly careful writer, "be- came exceedingly bitter." The Prussian officials were compared to Herod and Pharaoh and they were charged with misusing religious instruction for political purposes.
The children were heralded as martyrs to faith and nation; the parents were promised the special protection of the saints against the Germanizing
44 The World's Work
of their children. Prayers were said for the capable of pursuing an\- such large-hearted ethical
striking bo> s and girls, who on more than one policy, and could not disentangle itself from the
occasion marched directly from the school to military conceptions of uniformit\ . The re-
the church where a mass was said for them. Un- suit is actually a suppressed state of war, sup-
der such urging, the youngsters left nothing to pressed only by the iron hand, extending over
be desired in the ardor of their opposition, greeting wide territories and bringing with it for both sides
the teacher of religion with Polish songs and all the demoralizing and barbarizing influences of
tearing up their German catechisms, strewing the war."
pieces by the way. But the opposition of the Reichstag and public
The fury of the Pan-Germanists knew no opinion only bore witness to the humiliating im- bounds. Their policy was not only odious but it potenceof both. The Reichstag and public opinion was ridiculous. Not since the children's crusade were not and never have been the governing of the Middle Ages had there been anything simi- forces of Germanw Both are merelx tolerated lar in Europe. The folly and inhumanity of the as long as the\- content themselves with word- Prussian s\ stem of government were advertised mongering and do not attempt to thwart the in a striking manner to all the world. purposes of the All-Highest and the Quite High.
The Government, however, proceeded against Whenever the\ attempt an\- such impertinence
the children's strike with all vigor. Corporal they are roundly snubbed and summarily sent
punishment, severe and sometimes gravely in- about their business. The servant's business is to
jurious, was resorted to, adding to the infamy of keep himself from presumptuous sins,
the whole proceeding. Fines and terms of im- Oppression, similar to that described abo\e, has
prisonment were, upon one pretext or another, also during the past generation been practised
visited upon the parents. It is a revolting and in Northern Schleswig, forcibl>' annexed to
degrading chapter of history. As a result of Prussia in 1866. B\- the Treaty of Prague of that
this vigorous treatment, however, the strike year, a treaty between Prussia and Austria, it
began to give way and by the Easter holiday of was provided that the people of Northern Schles-
1907 was practically suppressed, leaving behind wig, who were pure Danes and spoke the Danish
a bitter heritage of hate, which will burn fiercely language, should have the right to vote as to
for decades in the eastern provinces when the whether they would become Prussians or remain
boys and girls shall have become men and within the Danish Kingdom. Iwelve years
women. later the two contracting parties agreed to annul
It v/as immediately after this that compulsory this article of the treaty and the consul- dispossession of the lands of the Poles was voted tation of the people has never been held. Prus- by the Prussian Parliament, as already des- sia and Austria have kept themselves untainted cribed. Prussia wins no peaceful victories over by the principle that peoples have a right to her subject peoples. determine their own fate. <, „ In this case the fate of only a hundred and fifty
COULD HAVE MADE POLES LOYAL SUBJECTS . u A A +u a i ^. ■ i A
■^ or two hundred thousand people was involved.
The policy which has been described, of Ger- This was an eas\' matter to regulate b\ a govern-
manizing the Poles a outrance, by replacing ment commanding the resources of fortN million
Polish farmers with German farmers, and of fore- and it was, accordingly, regulated in the tradi-
ing German Kultur upon a people who hated it, tional Prussian fashion. The record of Ger-
did not escape criticism and opposition at home, many in Alsace-Lorraine has been still more
In 1909, a resolution condemning the policy of the shameless.
Government was passed in the Reichstag, a reso- It did not require the revelations of this war to
lution as futile, however, as it was creditable, make modern Prussia odious to all those who love
Professor Delbrtick, a man of considerable in- freedom and who have a decent regard for man-
fluence over public opinion, criticised it severely, kind. Prussia's methods of ruling subject
taking the ground that a modern state could not peoples before 1914 are conclusive as to the
resort to such methods and remain a modern methods that will be employed in the future
state. The Frankfurter Zeitung reviewed the should Germany succeed in making the peace
whole policy with scathing denunciation, declar- which her governing classes desire and intend to
ing that it was defeating the very ends aimed at. make.
"A humane, moral and liberal policy," said this That peace, however, she never will make,
paper, "would in the 135 years since the parti- Nor should she be permitted longer to apply her
tion of Poland, not have denationalized the Poles, monstrous system of misgovernment to the terri-
but would have made them loyal subjects of the tories that belong by inalienable right to the
Prussian State. The Prussian State was not Poles and Danes, to the Alsatians and Lorrainers.
About 5 years old
THE BOY PERSHING
About 10 years old
At the Kirksville Normal School
The Life of General
Pershin
HIS BOYHOOD AND ENTRANCE AT
WEST POINT
" He Was the Sort of Boy That Sticks at Anything He Once Takes Hold Of," the
Recollection of His Early Companions — The Son of a Boss Track-Layer,
Who Now Commands Our Armies in France
BY
GEORGE Macadam
SON of a railroad section-boss, born in a little shanty about four miles out from a frontier boom town: fifty-eight years later, an international figure, commander of the Army that has turn- ed the scale in the greatest war in all history — these are the two ends, at the present moment, in the career of John J. Pershing. It is not im- probable that the coming years v/ill stretch the contrast to even greater length.
Between that obscure birthplace and the "American Expeditionary Force, Office of the Commanding General" was a life varied, pic-
turesque, adventurous — fighter of Apaches and Sioux, conqueror of the Moros, Mindanao dato, Sulu Governor, officer in the Cuban campaign, commander of the Armv sent in pursuit of Bandit Villa.
History has written a biography for Pershing such as no conservative novelist would dare to write for his brain-children. But in spite of this, the myth-makers are already at work. For the most part, these biographical garnishers have jumped the years that history has so generously filled and gone back to the days of his youth. They looked for a boyhood pitched
46
The World^s Work
in the same key as is his mature manhood, and they found Httle but the ordinary events that fill the days of the average village boy.
"Johnny" Pershing, as he was known in those da\s — and as he is still known by his old neigh- bors— gave no sign of possessing any particular talent. He wasn't "the bright boy" at school. He showed no special bent for any one thing. He didn't know what he was going to do when he grew up. His brother, Jim, was more popular than he. No one prophesied of Johnny Pershing "that boy will make his mark in the
GENERAL PERSHING S FATHER
world." Apparently the boy gave no promise of the man.
But go back to Laclede, the little town in Missouri where Pershing passed most of his youth, and talk with his boyhood friends and those of the older neighbors who are still living. Though they can tell you nothing but simple, homely little incidents of "Johnny," yet some- where in the course of their talk they will all say, in one form or another: "He was the sort of boy that sticks at anything he once takes hold of."
Now leave the village boy, jump the interven- ing years, and we find the mature man. General Pershing, writing from France, in a letter to a friend:
Strange things do happen in this world, is it not fortunate that none of us knows what is going to happen to him? The only thing that I think matters is that each person should do each day the thing that comes to him or her to the very best of his or her ability.
If this prepares one for the great things, then so much the better. We are all, however, mere atoms in this great scheme, each doing his or her part, whether it appears to us humans great or small it matters not.
The Pershing family has been traced back to a Frederick Pfoerschin who was born in 1724 in Alsace, about three quarters of a rhile from the River Rhine. When twenty-five years old, Pfoerschin emigrated to America and here married. Some years later, the family changed the name, to fit the new environment, to " Per- shin." Still later, a final "g" was added, the name becoming "Pershing."
The Alsatian emigrant's fourth son was Daniel, and he became a Methodist minister, preaching in Pennsylvania in the latter part of the Eigh- teenth Century. The minister had a son Joseph who had a son John Fletcher. This branch of the Pershing family had continued to live in Pennsylvania.
But about the time John Fletcher Pershing reached young manhood — a strapping, broad- shouldered six-footer — the great rush to the West had set in. It was the land of oppor- tunity, the land that beckoned irresistibly to every adventurous spirit. With no capital other than brain and muscle, young Pershing joined the migration westward. When he reached St. Louis, the North Missouri Railroad (now a part of the Wabash system) was being built from St. Charles northwestward across Missouri to Macon, a small town on the line of the Han- nibal and St. Joseph (now a link in the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy). Pershing got a job as boss track-layer.
The route of the North Missouri lay through the town of Warrenton, and this prosaic fact meant kismet for two. On a farm about two miles west of the town there lived a family by the name of Thompson. They had moved to Missouri from Blunt County, Kentucky, In the family was a daughter, Ann Elizabeth, who had been born in the old Blue Grass home on February 15, 1835. At the time the rail- road was a-building she had reached her twenties, a young woman who combined the charm of Kentucky with the self-reliance of the West. In those booming frontier days every workman's dinner-pail contained a marshal's baton (to fit Napoleon's maxim to the time and place). Moreover, the young railroad man had a good bearing, a good personality — the kind of man
GENERAL FERSHINU S MOTHER
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The World's Work
\
GENERAL PERSHING S FIRST HOME IN LACLEDE The house he occupied when his father was a boss track-layer
THE ORIGINAL SCHOOLHOUSE AT LACLEDE, MO.
General Pershing attended this school until it was supplanted by a brick building. This school was then used by the Negro
children. Pershing taught this Negro school for a brief time
The Life of General Pershing
49
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TTnmrt^
^^ i I
PERSHING S HOME IN LACLEDE
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The house occupied by the Pershings when prosperity came. They lived here for the greater part of their residence in Laclede. In this picture it appears as it did at the time General Pershing lived in it, more recently it has been modernized, see page 51
THE SCHOOL PERSHING TAUGHT AT PRAIRIE MOUND, MO. Taken a few years after his two terms as teacher
THE PERSHING FAMILY
This photograph was taken in Lincoln, Nebraska, after Pershing graduated from West Point. Standing reading from left to right: John, May, Grace, Ward, James; seated: General Pershing's father, Mary Elizabeth, General Pershing's mother
The Life of General Pershing
51
that stands out in a crowd. The farmer's daughter agreed to make the fortunes of the boss track-layer her own, and on March 22, 1859, they were married.
When the tracks of the North Missouri were finally laid into Macon, Pershing was given a job as section-boss on the Hannibal and St. Joseph. It was a seven-mile section that ex- tended from Laclede west to Bottsville (now Meadville). The section-boss moved into a little shanty standing about midway between these two settlements, on the plantation of Judge Meredith Brown. It is said that the shanty had been a part of the Judge's slave
bands of mounted terrorists, a string of block- houses was built. A fort was also erected at the south end of Laclede, and at times as many as a thousand Federal militiamen were quartered in it. The year the war broke out, Pershing, having saved a little money, gave up his job as section- boss and moved into Laclede, occupying a small, one-story house. Lomax's general store was for sale, its proprietor having joined the Union Army. Pershing bought the contents of the store and became sutler to the Eighteenth Mis- souri Volunteer Infantry, then quartered in Laclede. Henry C. Lomax, the son of the former village storekeeper, became sutler's clerk.
PERSHING S OLD HOME ' MODERNIZED The old home as it has been altered since the Pershings left it
JV quarters; but Mrs. Pershing converted it into a snug, if simple, home. Here, on September 13, i860, under the ministrations of a couple of women neighbors, was born their first child. They named him John Joseph.
Exciting days soon came to this part of the country. Missouri was a ''slave state;" but Laclede was in the "border country." The settlers were divided in their allegiance, the majority perhaps adhering to "the North." But there were many strong, aggressive sympa- thizers with "the South." With the coming of the war, there also came the infamous " Bush- wackers," that lawless guerilla band that raided, robbed, murdered. To guard against these
In January, 1862, a second son, James, was born to the Pershings. The following month, the Eighteenth Missouri Volunteers having been ordered to St. Louis, Pershing moved his sutler's wares into the vacant store and became village storekeeper and postmaster. The year 1863 brought another regiment to Laclede and Persh- ing again became sutler. He followed this regiment for near a twelvemonth. Then he again quit and again became village storekeeper and postmaster.
Pershing had prospered as sutler and he now prospered as general storekeeper. He bought the village lumber yard. He bought a couple of farms, one of eighty acres about seven miles
52
The World's Work
from Laclede and another of one hundred and sixty acres about a mile out. He also bought and moved into "the D e G r a w house," a snug, homelike struc- ture which, with its white paint and three-gabled roof and white picket fen'ce, looked asthough it had been transplanted di- rect from some old New Eng- land village.
It was, per- haps, the best house in town, for Laclede at that time had not much but its splendid belief in its own fu- ture. Laclede stands at the junction of two railroads, and that, of course, marked it out for a metropoli- tan future. The town had about six hundred in- habitants; no sidewalks; no church; a one- room school- house which the end of the Civil War found with- out a teacher.
In the latter part of April, 1865, Miss Ella
Seward, now an old lady, Mrs. O. W. Elliot, opened a ''select school for small children." Look- ing back in her diaries, she fmds these items:
From Mr. Pershing — Jan. 1867 — J7.00. For 12 weeks' tuition for John & James ^8.00 1st). For 6 weeks* tuition for John $2.00 (July 17th). May 1 5 — Kept Johnny after school to study a lesson.
THE CHURCH IN LACLEDE Attended by the Pershing family
Week of June 6, '67 — Went to Mrs. Pershing's three times for Johnny was real sick with chickenpox, and his eyes were affected.
''Johnny" Pershing was an upstanding little (April youngster with bright blue eyes, the complexion of a girl, a deep dimple in each cheek, and curling hair so light-colored that teasing play- mates called him "tow-head."
The Life of General Pershing 53
The Pershing family was meanwhile growing, was guile. And "Old Margrave's" brother saw
There were in all nine children. With the them, and chased them, and caught them hiding
exception of John, the eldest, they were all born in a cornfield, their pockets bulging with booty,
in Laclede: James P., Mary Elizabeth, Ann and they had to go to the house the next day
May, Grace, Ward, and three others who died and face ''Old Margrave" himself who was the
in early infancy. terror of youthful Laclede. The boys appeare*d
Mr. and Mrs. Pershing were both very religious promptly at the appointed hour, and John made
and rather strict with their children. When the Charlie do the talking, and "Old Margrave"
Methodist Episcopal church was built in the forgave them because they had "come to face
village, Mr. Pershing was the secretary of the the music" and because of "Feather's" guile,
building committee and contributed liberally, and told them to go out and help themselves
He became the Sunday-school superintendent, "so long as they didn't shake the trees."
"Every Sunday morning," recalls Judge Libby, And then there was the time when John was
"you'd see Pershing going down the street with one of the principals in that student prank —
John and James, and Mrs. Pershing following fam.ous in the old, unregenerate days of the coun-
behind with the girls. Yes, Pershing held the try school — known as "locking out the teacher."
boys in pretty tight." John had long since quit Miss Ella Seward's
Says Pershing's old clerk, Henry C. Lomax, "select school for young children." He had
now Laclede banker: "I didn't regard Pershing gone to the one-room public school until that
as an autocrat in his family. He was for building was given over to the education of
discipline in his family, and so was Mrs. Pershing. Negro children, and ^a two-story brick school
They were good parents and the children were house with a cupola belfry, put up for the
fond of them." white children.
Laclede was a frontier town with a very It was the last day of the school term, the
mixed population, a railroad junction, and a last day in the Laclede school for John and his
number of busy saloons — these facts undoubtedly two classmates, Charlie Spurgeon and Jim Devoy
accounted for some of the parental effort to — for these three it was the time appointed by
hold the children in. Jim was the only one tradition for "locking out the teacher." To
who "broke out." His boyhood reputation as "'a estimate properly the splendid defiance of this
wild one" still has a vigorous life in the village, act one must remember that those were the times
But John was no apron-string boy. Perry when a teacher was autocrat within the school
Floyd, who used to run the blacksmith shop domains, a birch or hickory switch the convincing
about a good stone's throw from the Pershing symbol of authority. Here in Laclede, for
home, voices the community's reminiscent ver- instance, "Old Man Angell," one of the teachers,
diet: "Oh yes, John had devilment in him — had a way of standing behind the door when the
nothing mean about it — just a little quiet, sly school bell rang and switching the legs of those
devilment." who came in late. Yes, "Johnny" Pershing's
Nearly all the anecdotes of his boyhood are legs had felt the switch,
recountings of the old but ever new doings of The children came to school suspiciously early
"a regular boy." on that last day of the term, the younger ones
"Old Man Bi";2fers" had a tobacco barn all a-flutter with excitement to see if the three
about a mile and a half out of town. One day pupils about to escape